Encephalitis, a well-known complication of measles, is inflammation of the brain parenchyma which is mostly due to the viral invasion of neurons. It presents with a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe depending on the extent of the damaged neurons. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms such as fever, headache, altered level of consciousness, focal neurological deficits, etc. A detailed history and physical examination facilitate the diagnosis. Investigations include blood tests for measles-specific antibodies, CT, MRI, and analysis of the CSF. The management of measles-induced encephalitis mainly revolves around prevention against contracting the disease and providing supportive care if acquired. The administration of the measles vaccine is the major means of preventing this disease in childhood. Two doses are required to achieve sufficient immunity against measles, the first at the age of 12–15 months and the second at 4–6 years of age. Supportive care includes administering acetaminophen for fever, oral rehydrating salt (ORS) for diarrhea and vomiting, antibiotics for otitis media and pneumonia, and using anti-epileptics such as sodium valproate for seizures. Vitamin A can be given to prevent severe effects in children. The specific treatment would depend on the type of encephalitis the patient has developed.

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To the editor, In this letter, we intend to highlight a considerably submerged topic, testicular self-examination (TSE), in the belief of catching suspicious testicular growth early. Previously, an idea of self-breast examination was proposed with a similar principle of ‘preventing a late diagnosis of breast cancer’ and is now considered and promoted as a routine practice at various institutes. Though clinical breast examination was not found to be significantly correlated to decreasing mortality rate in women, it was, however, linked to down staging of tumors. (1) Similarly, TSE in men is believed to help pick neoplastic growths, thereby promoting immediate implication of the management plan as testicular tumors are amenable to respond effectively to treatment, if diagnosed earlier. On the basis of statistical evidence, testicular malignancies are commonly found to arise in cryptorchidism, Klinefelter’s syndrome, testicular microlithiasis, hypospadias and family history suggestive of testicular tumors (TT). (2) ---Continue

By this letter we aim to highlight the neglected issue of excessive viewing of pornography and its impact on the person and the society as a whole. An authority on this topic devised a “triple-A engine” effect criteria: accessibility, affordability and anonymity, to explain the pervasiveness of Internet addiction including Pornography(1). Pornography is a Compulsive Sexual Behaviour Disorder which has been classified under impulse control disorder in ICD-11 (2). Whereas, here, in Pakistan the prevailing erotica has not yet been perceived as a problematic condition even though several disturbing incidents have been reported. In 2015, the largest ever child abuse scandal in Hussain Khanwala Village of Pakistan was brought to light. Over 280 children were compelled to have sex while being videotaped and more than a thousand copies were trafficked (3). This case of child pornography alerted the victims’ families but the root cause was not determined nor were strict laws against the persecutors enforced. Hence, to form counter strategies for such incidences in future, this issue and its ramifications should be highlighted through researches. Gathering statistical evidences can help in making laws and deriving measures as to when and how they should be implemented. Many surveys and researches have concluded that excessive pornography usage has led to negative impacts on relationships as sexual desires in the participants were found to be significantly diminished and the porn addicts showed heightened expectations from their partners. Poor performance at work and negligence was also observed in some users due to being preoccupied in their obscene thoughts and repetitive viewing. (4) Research has shown pornography can provoke men to seek pleasure by unlawful means like rape considering the fact that it displays aggressive sex. It can incorporate violence in men and inability to distinguish between agony and love. This leads to men thinking that violent sex or sex without the consent of women is allowed and enjoyed by the women (5) which is a misperception that leads to crime. Last year a rising trend was demonstrated amongst the viewers which has been attributed to the enforcement of lockdown due to COVID-19. Lack of work and outgoing activities caused people to spend more time on the screen which also increased porn viewing. (6) ---Continue