Sepsis is a potentially dangerous infection that requires prompt identification and treatment. Emergency medicine physicians must grasp the clinical signs and laboratory results of direct and indirect organ failure, the source of infection management, and the criteria for treating sepsis and septic shock. The pathogenesis of sepsis is connected to inflammation and an excess of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which activate the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and damageassociated molecular pattern (DAMP)-PRR signaling pathways. The development of rapid, sensitive, and precise techniques for sepsis diagnosis might be aided by nanotechnology, a part of nanomedicine. Nanoparticles (NPs) such as magnetic NPs, gold NPs, fluorescent (silica and quantum dots), and lipid-based NPs have all been discussed to contribute to the detection of sepsis-related microbial infections. Because of the intrinsic and unique features of these nano-sized systems, researchers are evaluating nanotechnologybased alternatives for sepsis control. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based technologies for sepsis detection and management are discussed in this study.Databases (PubMed, Medline, PMC, Google Scholar) were used to source various studies that were carried out on sepsis in terms of assessment, types, diagnosis, and treatment controversies, with more attention being given with a focus on the most recent data, principles, and management guidelines. Priority was also given to studies published within the last 11 years, using keywords such as "sepsis guidelines," "sepsis clinical," "septic risk factors," "sepsis and nano technology," "nano particles," "sepsis controversies," and "nano diagnostic" in the search. After a filtration process, the eight most relevant studies were selected to be included in this review. The filtration process included the use of both inclusion and exclusion criteria. The excluded studies were pediatric populations, obstetrical populations, and nanotechnology advancements dealing with other fields not relating to sepsis. The selected studies were also undertaken through a quality appraisal process using corresponding assessment tools. The selected articles were all highly informative about sepsis and the processes of diagnosis and treatment that are currently in use as well as those that are still being developed or implemented. Furthermore, we look at how nanomedicine in the application of nanomaterials can be employed to efficiently manage sepsis.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, are both common thyroid diseases that are increasing in prevalence. PTC is well-differentiated cancer that generally has an excellent prognosis. HT is an autoimmune disease that often leads to hypothyroidism. A significant proportion of PTC patients also have HT. This systematic review will analyze the effect of HT on the characteristics and outcomes of PTC.Several databases were systematically searched using relevant medical subject headings (MeSH) keywords and phrases examining the connection between PTC and HT and the effect of their coexistence. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, followed by quality appraisal. After that filtration process, 23 articles were selected with a total of 41,646 patients.Out of 22 studies commenting on tumor size, 12 studies demonstrated it to be smaller in HT patients, while 10 studies observed no effect. Eleven studies examined PTC angioinvasion, most of which found no difference in HT and non-HT patients. However, two studies found angioinvasion to be reduced in PTC patients. As for capsular infiltration, out of the five studies commenting on it, two found decreased occurrence, one found increased occurrence, and two had no difference. Extrathyroidal extension was found to be reduced in seven studies out of the 14 that examined it. Six other studies saw no effect. One study found increased extrathyroidal extension incidence overall, and another found it to be the case in patients younger than 45 years of age. Lymph node metastases were found to be reduced in several studies, while others found no difference. One study found increased central lymph node metastases in HT patients. As for prognoses, most studies found positive aspects. One study found an increased recurrence rate in HT patients, however, it did not have a relationship with deaths.In conclusion, when managing HT or HT and PTC patients, HT patients should be monitored closely for suspicious nodules due to their frequent co-occurrence. Although the effect of HT on PTC has been shown to be mostly protective, multifocality is more common in those patients and, therefore, a total thyroidectomy should be favored. The high false positive rates of lymph node metastases in diagnostic methods should be kept in mind when considering lymph node dissection. Additional diagnostic procedures such as frozen section histology should be considered for verification.

Pneumonia is a prevalent disease with considerable morbidity and mortality among the pediatric population. Early diagnosis and swift commencement of the correct treatment are vital for a favorable clinical outcome. Along with history-taking and clinical examination, imaging modalities commonly used, lung ultrasound provides a bedside, less invasive, radiation-free alternative to diagnose pneumonia when compared with other images such as chest x-ray (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) scan. It is therefore of the utmost magnitude to inspect the evidence of its accuracy and reliability in the diagnosis of this condition. The goal of this study is to look into the available data supporting the use of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of juvenile pneumonia, its relevance in distinguishing between viral and bacterial diseases, and its superiority as compared to other diagnostic methods. As mentioned, early detection and differentiation of the type of pneumonia can reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions and provide patients with a better prognosis, as well as the ability to predict the course of the disease and the need for advanced care or the development of complications. An extensive literature search of two popular online medical websites (PubMed and Embase) was conducted in this review, concentrating on studies that examined the role of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia published in the last five years. Only studies published in the English language were included in this review. With high sensitivity and specificity, lung ultrasound appeared to be a promising tool not only for pediatric pneumonia diagnosis, but also for treatment guidance and disease follow-up, especially when combined with clinical presentation and laboratory findings.

Meningiomas have been classified as the most commonly occurring primary brain tumors. Although the majority of meningiomas are benign and slow-progressing, the tumors that grow to a larger size are associated with various risks during surgical procedures. Early detection of meningiomas is crucial to the treatment as those detected early can be treated through non-invasive methods. Due to their benign nature, meningiomas contain homogeneous protein biomarkers that can be easily identified. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has a high protein composition which can be used to diagnose various brain tumors. Because CSF comes into direct contact with the brain during its functioning, it is one of the factors that makes it an important source of different biomarkers. An analysis of biochemical changes occurring in the CSF can be useful in assessing the condition of the periventricular white matter and the parenchyma. In this review, PubMed, Medline, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar were used to identify studies discussing meningiomas regarding their assessment, types, diagnosis, and treatment, with more attention directed towards the application of CSF proteome analysis in diagnosis. Priority was given to studies published within the last 15 years. The following keywords were used in the literature search: “cerebrospinal fluid,” “meningiomas,” “brain tumors,” “primary brain tumors,” “protein biomarkers,” “proteome analysis,” and “diagnosis.” Subsequently, the 15 most relevant studies were selected for inclusion in the review. We excluded studies discussing different types of non-brain tumors as well as older articles. The selected studies also underwent a quality appraisal process using corresponding assessment tools. The selected articles were highly informative about meningiomas and the processes of diagnosis and treatment that are currently in use as well as those that are being developed or implemented. The use of CSF proteins in the diagnostic process is also discussed in this review. The studies also describe proteomics as a less invasive procedure that allows for the analysis of entire proteins and the projection of diagnostic images with higher resolutions that aid in the diagnosis.