This paper analyses airborne measurements of several midlevel and mixed-phase cumulus clouds observed in different environments (maritime, continental, shallow and deep convection) obtained during the scientific experiments performed by national weather modification programs in Morocco and Burkina Faso. Three cases are documented in this paper presenting the synoptic meteorological situation leading to the formation and the development of the sampled clouds and the results of the measurements collected using instrumental aircrafts. Several passes were made at the top of the sampled clouds and reported data were collected and analysed describing the variability of the measured parameters at various altitudes and thus different temperature values (negative and positive temperatures). The dependency of the liquid water content to the temperature has been studied but also its variation with regard to the vertical velocity and to the total concentration number of cloud particles. Keywords: Aircraft Measurements, Cloud Microphysics, Liquid Water Content, West African Monsoon.
The atmospheric numerical models have known great advances with the ongoing development of numerical weather prediction and computing resources. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the global atmospheric models have improved and therefore, the accuracy and reliability of their results have substantially increased. Emphasis was made on the improvement of models dynamics and physical aspects, but also on data assimilation and input data diversification using new numerical schemes and new physical parameterizations that better assess the small-scale weather phenomena. However, these models were not able to overcome their physical limitations and therefore, some small-scale processes are far from being thoroughly apprehended. To overcome these limitations, new numerical models applied to limited areas and finer scale numerical weather models have been developed including additionally, the microphysics of clouds, atmospheric chemistry and soil characteristics (vegetation index, albedo, roughness property, etc.). The output of atmospheric models, particularly in the field of precipitation, is the main input of hydraulic numerical models and flood warning systems. Better control of the rainfall forecasts, especially during extreme weather events, will have a positive impact in improving the quality of weather early warning systems and thus the quality of numerical hydraulic models predictions. The present work illustrates, through two recent cases studies, a real demonstration of the contribution of fine-scale atmospheric numerical models in improving the quality of rainfall forecasts taking into accounts that time series of predicted rainfall amounts issued from the fine scale atmospheric models provide more precise information at the scale of water basin and also that these models have demonstrated an ability to better predict stormy situations that are causing floods in many parts of the country.
La mer est la première source des aérosols atmosphériques naturels. La composition chimique, la concentration et la taille des aérosols marins font d'eux un moyen d'échange de chaleur et de matière entre l'atmosphère et l'océan. Plusieurs fonctions sources ont été développées pour la détermination des flux des aérosols marins émis à l'interface air-mer et en particulier en zone côtière. Les fonctions de génération de PIAZZOLA et al. (2003) ainsi que celle de VIGNATI et al. (2001) ont été développées à base de mesures expérimentales en Méditerranée occidentale. Afin de permettre un suivi dynamique de la production des aérosols marins côtiers un modèle a été développé permettant de coupler les modèles de circulation atmosphérique de fine échelle en exploitation à la Direction de la Météorologie Nationale aux fonctions sources précitées. Les résultats des simulations appliquées à une situation de vents forts ayant affecté la méditerranée occidentale ont montré la capacité du modèle développé à calculer les concentrations des aérosols produites lors de cette situation ainsi que les distributions en taille des spectres associés.
Résumé :L'interaction aérosol nuage est un mécanisme fondamental qui influence les comportements microphysiques des nuages et en particulier le processus de précipitation. Etant donné que la mer constitue la première source des aérosols atmosphériques naturels et afin d'étudier l'impact des aérosols marins, et en particulier les aérosols marins côtiers, sur le comportement microphysique des nuages, des simulations ont été conduites utilisant un modèle de nuage à microphysique détaillée et an ayant recours à différents spectres d'aérosols marins dont des spectres expérimentaux mesurés en méditerranée. La prise en considération de la production naturelle des aérosols marins côtiers a induit une nette modification dans certaines propriétés microphysiques du nuage par rapport aux résultats obtenus en utilisant les autres spectres d'aérosol continental ou marins. De telles modifications dans les propriétés microphysiques du nuage ont une influence directe sur les conditions de déclanchement des précipitations ainsi que sur les quantités recueillies au sol. Mots-clés :Spectre d'aérosols marins côtiers -Modèle de nuage -Microphysique des nuagesPrécipitations.
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