Background Depression is defined as a psychiatric disorder characterized by depressed mood, lack of concentration, diminished energy, disturbed sleep, and low self-esteem. Depression is more prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients than the general population. There is no published study available that reveals the present status of depression among HIV patients in Pakistan. As such, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of depression among HIV/AIDS patients attending the HIV clinic of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from February to March 2019 in Lahore. Data were collected from 158 HIV/AIDS patients using a pretested, standardized, structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Nonprobability convenience sampling was used to recruit the study participants. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data. Binary logistic regression models were used to determine the various factors associated with depression. AORs with 95% CIs were used to assess the magnitude of associations between depression and associated factors. Results The mean age of the study participants was 35.03 years±9.123. Prevalence of depression among HIV/AIDS patients was 32.2%. Living in a rural area (AOR 5.60, 95% CI 2.20, 14.15), fear of stigma and discrimination (AOR 3.505, 95% CI 1.364, 9.008), having worked abroad (AOR 3.017, 95% CI 1.134, 8.031), and history of substance abuse (AOR 4.147, 95% CI 1.673, 10.28) were significantly associated with depression. Conclusion The prevalence of depression among HIV/AIDS patients is very high in Pakistan. Therefore, it is suggested that guidelines formulated to screen and treat depression among HIV patients.

Paragangliomas arise from neural cells and are found in different anatomical locations in the body. Paragangliomas in the adrenal glands are called pheochromocytoma, while the others are known as extraadrenal paragangliomas. They are usually benign and are extremely rare in children. We present a case of a 13-year-old female patient who presented with complaints of hematuria for one year and left lower lumbar pain. Imaging investigations depicted a urinary bladder mass that was causing a mass effect at the left ureteric opening and backpressure changes in the left kidney. The patient underwent transurethral resection of bladder mass, and the histopathology confirmed the presence of paraganglioma. Though the paragangliomas of the urinary bladder are extremely rare in the pediatric age group, we suggest keeping paragangliomas on differentials when investigating a patient with bladder mass.

Post-natal depression (PND) is an emerging psychiatric issue and a devastating public health problem due to associated morbidity, as it not only effects postnatal lady but her marital relationship, new-born, mother-infant bonding, making infant vulnerable to psychiatric issues in future.

Background: Despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV is still responsible for substantial illness and death, especially in developing countries. Early start of treatment (ART) is associated with better therapeutic outcome, reduced transmissibility of HIV, reduction in loss to follow-up, and remarkably reduced death rate. Objectives: To find out the factors associated with early and late Initiation of ART among patients affected by HIV in Lahore, Pakistan Methods: From November 2017 to April 2018, researchers conducted an analytical cross-sectional study on 156 HIV patients aged 18 and older that began antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Jinnah & Mayo Hospital, Lahore's HIV clinics. Samples were selected by non-probability convenience sampling and Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors related to early and late Initiation of ART. The p-value of less than

Background Intrauterine copper devices are a popular type of contraceptives, being in use for a long time. Migration of IUCD into the bladder is one of the many side effects of this contraceptive measure. Though a rare phenomenon, IUCD acting as a foreign body can cause stone formation in the bladder. Case presentation We present a 42-year-old female patient who presented with increased urinary frequency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain. Examination showed mild tenderness in the suprapubic region. On X-ray pelvis, she was found to have a giant stone covering IUCD in the bladder. She ultimately underwent cystolithotomy, and her IUCD with stone was removed. Consequently, she was discharged on the 4th postoperative day with a satisfactory condition. Conclusion Vesical calculus can form following migration of IUCD in the bladder. This article highlights the importance of careful insertion and follow-up investigation of IUCD. Radiological modalities like X-rays pelvis provide excellent visualization of the IUCD and can be used to confirm the accurate location of the contraceptive device.