Background: Pathological changes that mainly affect prostate gland are prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancerous lesions. Digital rectal examination (DRE), Transrectal Ultrasonography (TUS), and prostate specific antigen (PSA) followed by histopathological examination, are routinely used tests for diagnosis of prostate lesions. The aim of the present study is to determine the role of serum PSA levels in differentially diagnosing the different types of prostate lesions.Material and Methods: This retrospective (observational) study was conducted in Ibn-e-Sina Hospital Multan. Data of 2189 patients who were operated from 2007 to 2017 due to prostatic lesions were included in this analysis. Patients with BPH, prostatitis, prostate carcinoma and Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) were grouped according to serum PSA levels (ranging from 0 to >100 ng/ml) into five groups. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for different histopathological findings. Association of PSA levels with different histological patterns was determined with chi-square test with P-value < 0.05 taken as significant difference.Results: Mean age of patients was 62.45+10.64 years. On histopathology, BPH was diagnosed in 1676 (76.56%) patients, prostatitis in 133 (6.07%), carcinoma in 378 (17.26%) and PIN in 02 (0.09%) patients, respectively. Serum PSA levels of 4.01-10 ng/ml were found in 1050 (62.64%) BPH patients and in 59 (44.36%) prostatitis patients. Serum PSA levels of 10.01-20 ng/ml were found in only 40 (2.4%) BPH patients, 47 (35.33%) prostatitis patients, 22 (5.82%) carcinoma patients and in 1 (50.0%) PIN patient. Serum PSA levels of 20.01-100 ng/ml were found in 32 (1.9%) BPH patients, 11 (8.27%) prostatitis patients, 302 (79.89%) carcinoma patients, and in 1 (50.0%) PIN patient. Serum PSA levels of >100 ng/ml were absent in patients with BPH and PIN, and present in 1 (0.75%) prostatitis and 54 (14.28%) carcinoma patients.Conclusion: Benign prostatic hyperplasia was the commonest lesion in our patients (76.56%) with serum PSA levels >10 ng/ml reported in all patients with prostate carcinoma and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) patients.

Aim: To compare the contrast sensitivity in different categories of myopia using two different optical correction spectacles and contact lens correction. Methods: This cross-sectional study in design was conducted from August 2018 to May 2019 at the Ophthalmology Department of Madinah Teaching Hospital Faisalabad.45 subjects corrected with spectacles lenses and contact lenses all had corrected visual acuity of 6/9 or better were studied.The extent of myopia determined the three groups. All individuals were subjected to spectacles and Contact lens correction using slitlamp for anterior eye examination and for the fundus examination. The assessment of visual acuity was carried out by the Snellen vision Chart at 6m distance and contrastssensitivity was tested by Pelli- Robson chart. Results: Results showed a significant relationship between contrast sensitivity and type of optical correction. There were significant results of the independent t-test for spectacle and contact lenses 0.00 (p<0.005). However, the mean contrast sensitivity was better for all the three groupswith contact lens correction as compared to spectacle lens correction.Contact lenses provide better contrast sensitivity than spectacle lenses. Conclusion: Comparison between contact lens and spectacle correction was done and better quality contact lenses reduce optical defocus and give better results of contrast sensitivity. Results also concluded that loss of contrast sensitivity will be interpreted as early loss of retinal functions in severe myopes. Keywords: Myopia, Contrast sensitivity, Spectacle lens, Contact lens

Purpose: To find out the factors that is associated with stereopsis in patients with refractive accommodative esotropia. Material and Methods: Patients with refractive accommodative esotropia were checked. Age, sex, cycloplegic refractive error, angle of deviation, stereoacuity and fusional ability were evaluated. Patients were divided into good stereopsis (40-100arcsec) and poor stereopsis (>100 arcsec group) as well. Results: Total 30 patients with accommodative esotropia were included in this study. The mean age at presumed age of onset was 2.95±1.51 and mean age of the patient at final visit were 6.12±1.57.The frequency of male were 56.7% (n=17) and female were 43.3% (n=13).The initial mean cycloplegic refraction was 3.5±1.35 D. The mean initial uncorrected deviation at near fixation was 23.33±9.57 and was 20.83±8.71 at distant fixation. The mean of angle of deviation after treatment was 2.41±2.16 at distant fixation and was 2.14±1.22 at near fixation. The mean of fusional ability at final visit was 1.87±0.93 at near and 1.90±0.96 at distance. The mean stereopsis at final visit was 1.67±0.47. The independent-t test shows a significant association of refractive error (P-0.00) with stereopsis. T-test also shows a signification of angle of deviation after correction for both distant and near (P-value 0.003, 0.006 respectively). The uncorrected angle of deviation for both distant and near had no association (pvalue 0.53, 0.083 respectively). Chi-square test shows a highly significant association of fusional ability for both distant and near (p-value 0.001, 0.001 respectively) with final stereopsis. Conclusion: Error of refraction, deviation angle and fusional ability were associated with stereopsis in patients with refractive accommodativeesotropia. The age and gender had no association with stereopsis. The chi-square test shows a significant association of fusional ability with stereopsis. The independent-t test shows a significant association of angle of deviation and refractive error with stereopsis. Good stereopsis can be achieved with hyperopic mean error of less than or equal to 2D.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the color vision and contrast sensitivity in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy, and to assess the color vision and contrast sensitivity in every diabetic patient before the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy and make it an integral part of routine examination. Materials and methods: A hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Aziz-Fatimah Hospital Faisalabad including 50 patients of age between 30 to 55 years. Information regarding duration of diabetes, diabetes status (controlled/uncontrolled), types of the diabetes was recorded. After taking complete history the visual acuity was measured with tumbling E chart and subjective refraction was performed. Then dilation fundus examination was performed with +78 D lens and fundus photograph was taken to evaluate diabetic retinopathy. On the next day Color vision and contrast sensitivity of the patients were assessed with Ishihara test and Pelli-Robson Chart Respectively. Results: There were 44% males and 56% females with the mean age of 48.42±5.15 years. Normal contrast sensitivity was observed in 34% (n=17) of the patients. However, 30% (n=15) of the patients had reduced contrast sensitivity, 28% (n=14) of the patients had poor contrast sensitivity and only 8% (n=4) patients had severe visual impairment. Color vision was observed normal in 68% (n=34) patients while 24% (n=12) of the patients had impaired color vision and only 8% (n=4) of the patients had sever visual impairment. There were 42% (n=21) diabetic patients with > 5 years history of diabetes, 38% (n=19) of diabetic patients with 5-10 years history of diabetes and 20% (n=10) of diabetic patients had <10 years history of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes were observed in 46% (n=23) and type 2 diabetes were observed in 48% (n=24). There were only 6% (n=3) of diabetic patients with dietary control. Most of the patients had controlled diabetes 64% (n=32) while uncontrolled diabetes were observed in 36% (n=18) patients. Conclusion: There were highly significant association of Status of Diabetes (Controlled/ uncontrolled) and duration of diabetes with color vision and contrast sensitivity. There was no significant association of age and gender with color vision and contrast sensitivity. This study was helpful in detecting the early visual function compromised due to diabetes before the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy.

Background: Lipid metabolism is impaired in different directions in liver cirrhosis. Dyslipidaemia seen in cirrhosis of the liver differs from that found in most of the additional reasons of secondary dyslipidaemias because lipoproteins in circulation are not only present in unusual amount but they also often have unusual composition, electrophoretic movement and forms (Nangliya et al., 2015). Materials & Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet during the period from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2016.Fiftypatients with cirrhosis of liver fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled as group-A and 50 age-sex matched healthy adults were selected as the control group (group-B). Result: Fasting serum total cholesterol was estimated. Severity of liver Cirrhosis was categorized according to Child-Pugh scoring system and increasing severity was categorized as Child Pugh class A, B and C.Serum total cholesterol is decreased in patients with liver cirrhosis. The level of severity of liver damage significantly affects the serum total cholesterol level in cirrhosis; and may be considered as markers of severity of liver damage in cirrhosis. Conclusion: It may be concluded that hypocholesterelemia exists in patients with liver cirrhosis and screening for severity of cirrhosis by serum total cholesterol is important for intervention with appropriate therapy to reduce the severity of the disease. Key words: Liver cirrhosis,Serum total cholesterol , Child-Pugh score.