Poultry farming is integral part of agriculture in Nepal which accounts about 3.5% of total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This review was done to study the population ,production (egg and meat) and distribution of poultry in Nepal. In order to meet the demand of poultry produce, the commercial poultry population has increased about more than double the last decade. The recent data of 2018/19 shows the total number of laying hens and ducks are 12.52 million and 0.19 million respectively whereas total chicks production of Broilers, Layers and kuroilers are 25-30(×106), 1.5-1.75(×106) and 2.5-3(×106) respectively with breeder stock population of 2 million birds. Likewise, the total hen egg and duck egg are 1534.68 million and 15 million respectively. Also the total chicken and duck meat is 62899 MT and 353 MT respectively. In Nepal, the national poultry flock includes chickens, ducks, pigeons and other birds that are kept in different production system. Chitwan, Kathmandu and Kaski are major districts with higher number of poultry farms followed by rural people which is under the free range system and low input. The higher number of poultry is concentrated in hill region followed by terai and mountain region. Conversely, the population of duck is higher in terai followed by hill and mountain region.

Genetic diversity is the basis for plant breeders to develop new and improved cultivars with desirable, suited, and adaptive characteristics. Several factors such as hybridization, recombination, and mutation (Spontaneous and induced) are useful measures for providing variation in plants. However, naturally occurring mutation rate offers less for their optimum utilization. Hence induced mutation is considered to be a prime alternative other than naturally occurring variation. It has been considered a verified way of creating new variation within a crop variety which offers a possibility for the induction of desirable attributes which either can’t be expressed in nature or have been faded away during the process of evolution. Some of the mutant varieties of several crop species have led to a global contribution to crop improvement. The fate of the induced mutation largely depends on how induced mutagenesis underpins plants’ functional genome. Plant mutagenesis is had already played a significant role in crop improvement by successful enhancement of the yield, better nutritional quality, and wider adaptability. This review article is primarily centered around mutation, selection of mutant, how and when to use induced mutation, their treatment dose, and roles of mutation in Plant Breeding. Lastly, there still lies a huge potential aspect for future crop improvement through the application of induced mutation in plant species. In barley, a mutant that is resistant to mildew was 1st recorded in 1942. From the 170 diverse plant species, 3222 mutant varieties are evolved in 60 countries across the world officially. That release of varieties is possible due to the extensive use of induced mutation for 50 years in plant breeding activities all over the world. The modification of the nucleotides sequence of the genetic material of an organism, virus, extrachromosomal DNA is called a mutation. Mutagen is the agent causing mutation. There is extensive use of mutants in different subjects such as genetics, plant breeding, and plant physiology. Hugo deVries coined the term ‘mutation’ in 1901 to show sudden alteration in character considered to be heritable. Hence transmittable to the offspring while an agent causing mutation is called a mutagen. Mutation can occur naturally (spontaneous mutation) or by different agents such as chemical mutagen, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays, and so on (induced mutation). Mutagenesis is defined as the process in which the genetic information of an organism changed in a stable manner resulted in mutation.