 Mothers are the "driving force" in honour based abuse crime, perpetrating in 64% (49/76) of all cases involving women.  Mothers inflict violence on pregnant daughters and induce abortion.  Whether mothers are 'perpetrators' or secondary 'victims' acting under duress is explored.  Police are influenced by victims who consider mothers as secondary victims.  Police underreport female perpetration which adversely impacts on child safeguarding.

The role of female perpetration transpires to be a prevalent theme in this study. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the nature and extent of abuse effected by women, more

Purpose:The research examines responses by police and Adult Social Care to Honour Based Abuse (HBA) victims that have a diagnosed or perceived vulnerability; such as a physical disability or mental health issue. The purpose is to improve professional practice in ensuring vulnerable victims are safeguarded. Design/methodology/approach:Findings are drawn from 100 HBA investigations (2012)(2013)(2014) derived from classified police electronic records and interviews with fifteen, predominantly specialist, public protection police officers in one UK force. Findings:HBA against vulnerable adults is an obscure crime area. In cases of diagnosed vulnerability (3%), police officers wrongly attributed 'free will' and choice to vulnerable adults that legally lacked the capacity to consent to marriage. Conversely, in 9% of cases where victims were depressed and/or self-harming, perpetrators exaggerated the poor mental health of victims in order to discredit them to law enforcement. Professionals illogically latched onto perpetrator explanations and in turn underminedand problematised the victims. Research limitations/implications:There is limited access to data on vulnerable adult abuse, making this an under researched area of crime. Practical implications:Failing to undertake risk assessments, or record whether the victim is legally vulnerable should lead to a review of police practice. An evaluation of joint working arrangements is necessary concerning which agency (police or Adult Social Care) should take primacy. 2 Social Implications:Vulnerable adult victims were retained in risk predicaments alongside perpetrating family members. What is original/value of paperPolice officers suggesting vulnerable adults can "consent" to marriage is a new concept, along with issues of goal displacement which illustrates avoidance behaviours by professionals and under protection by the state.

This article explores police discretionary practices associated with circumventing crime recording rules (NCRS), utilising doorstep crimes against elderly victims as the crime context (distraction burglary, fraud and attempts). This research examines 68 'rogue trader' incidents from classified police systems, a focus group with CEnTSA trading standards officers and 31 police questionnaires from 26 England and Wales Force Intelligence Branches (FIB) and regional/national intelligence units.Almost half the doorstep incidents were filed at source with no investigation and 44% (30/68) of incidents breached National Crime Recording Standards (NCRS). It is argued that some officers deconstruct "crime" utilising the power of language within their skilfully crafted summary 'write up'. In justifying their dubious 'no crime' decisions, officers rely on identifiable 'scripts' that are reminiscent of the work of Shearing and Ericson (1991). A central script is that of 'civil dispute' which 'legitimises' the fraudster as entering into a contract with elderly victims "no matter how unscrupulous that contract may be". Attendant officers deny property being stolen, suggest that elderly victims "consent" to offender entry and even resort to the alleged unreliability or 'confusion' of elderly victims, despite this feature signifying a need for 'enhanced' safeguarding; all of which preclude officers from submitting crime reports. Findings expose 'cuffing' to be an enduring and dysfunctional police practice, effected out of self preference and pragmatism in order to ration workload. Such detrimental outcomes expose older people to repeat victimisation, underpolicing and secondary victimisation by the state.

On November 24, 2022, Dr. Rachael Aplin, Senior Lecturer of Policing at York St. John University, presented Independent Advisory Groups (IAG): Managing the Divide Between Communities and Police in Knowledge Sharing and Understanding. The presentation was followed by a question-and-answer period with questions from the audience and CASIS-Vancouver executives. The key points discussed were the value and role of IAGs, the principal issues identified and addressed, and the challenges and benefits that the groups present.   Received: 2022-12-29Revised: 2023-01-02