The brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are a group of multicellular heterokonts that are ubiquitous in today's oceans. Large brown algae from multiple orders are the foundation to temperate coastal ecosystems globally, a role that extends into arctic and tropical regions, providing services indirectly through increased coastal productivity and habitat provisioning, and directly as a source of food and commercially important extracts. Recent multi-locus and genome-scale analyses have revolutionized our understanding of the brown algal phylogeny, providing a robust framework to test evolutionary hypotheses and interpret genomic variation across diverse brown algal lineages. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of brown algal evolution based on modern advances in phylogenetics and functional genomics. We begin by summarizing modern phylogenetic hypotheses, illuminating the timescales over which the various brown algal orders diversified. We then discuss key insights on our understanding of brown algal life cycle variation and sexual reproduction systems derived from modern genomic techniques. We also review brown algal speciation mechanisms and the associated biogeographic patterns that have emerged globally. We conclude our review by discussing promising avenues for future research opened by genomic datasets, directions that are expected to reveal critical insights into brown algal evolution in past, present, and future oceans.

Ex situ seed banking was first conceptualized and implemented in the early 20th century to maintain and protect crop lines. Today, ex situ seed banking is important for the preservation of heirloom strains, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration, and diverse research applications. However, these efforts primarily target microalgae and terrestrial plants. Although some collections include macroalgae (i.e., seaweeds), they are relatively few and have yet to be connected via any international, coordinated initiative. In this piece, we provide a brief introduction to macroalgal germplasm banking and its application to conservation, industry, and mariculture. We argue that concerted effort should be made globally in germline preservation of marine algal species via germplasm banking with an overview of the technical advances for feasibility and ensured success. Macroalgae are essential members of marine communities and are no exception to the threats of climate change Worldwide, biodiversity is declining at alarming rates, resulting in what some scholars are calling the Earth's sixth great extinction event [1]. The marine environment is no exception, with increasing sea surface temperatures leading to drastic alterations in marine populations, communities, and ecosystems [2,3]. Of particular concern is potential for loss of macroalgae (defined as benthic eukaryotic algae of at least 1 mm in length [4]), which function as ecological engineers [5-9], primary producers [3,10], habitat and structure providers [6], nutrient cyclers, keystone species [11], food and nursery grounds for invertebrates and pelagic organisms, and shoreline buffers from storms [12,13]. Furthermore, macroalgae are a US$11 billion industry as food, animal feed, and fertilizers [14-16]. Seaweeds are under threat from multiple stressors including warming sea surface temperatures, pollution, overharvesting, and other anthropogenic disturbances that have major consequences for the structure and function of near-shore coastal ecosystems [13,17]. Although seaweeds are predicted to function photosynthetically well with increases in CO 2 [18,19], their distributions within their local communities (i.e., occupied tidal zone) and globally (i.e., latitudinal range) are likely to be impacted by

Transitions to terrestriality have been associated with major animal radiations including land snails and slugs in Stylommatophora (>20 000 described species), the most successful lineage of ‘pulmonates’ (a non-monophyletic assemblage of air-breathing gastropods). However, phylogenomic studies have failed to robustly resolve relationships among traditional pulmonates and affiliated marine lineages that comprise clade Panpulmonata (Mollusca, Gastropoda), especially two key taxa: Sacoglossa, a group including photosynthetic sea slugs, and Siphonarioidea, intertidal limpet-like snails with a non-contractile pneumostome (narrow opening to a vascularized pallial cavity). To clarify the evolutionary history of the panpulmonate radiation, we performed phylogenomic analyses on datasets of up to 1160 nuclear protein-coding genes for 110 gastropods, including 40 new transcriptomes for Sacoglossa and Siphonarioidea. All 18 analyses recovered Sacoglossa as the sister group to a clade we named Pneumopulmonata, within which Siphonarioidea was sister to the remaining lineages in most analyses. Comparative modelling indicated shifts to marginal habitat (estuarine, mangrove and intertidal zones) preceded and accelerated the evolution of a pneumostome, present in the pneumopulmonate ancestor along with a one-sided plicate gill. These findings highlight key intermediate stages in the evolution of air-breathing snails, supporting the hypothesis that adaptation to marginal zones played an important role in major sea-to-land transitions.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse existing clinical supervision frameworks to develop a supervision meta-model. Design/methodology/approach -This research involved a thematic analysis of existing supervision frameworks used to support allied health practitioners working in rural or remote settings in Australia to identify key domains of supervision which could form the basis of supervision framework in this context. A three-tiered sampling approach of the selection of supervision frameworks ensured the direct relevance of the final domains identified to Australian rural allied health practitioners, allied health practitioners generally and to the wider area of health supervision. Thematic analysis was undertaken by Framework analysis methodology using Mindmapping software. The results were organised into a new conceptual model which places the practitioner at the centre of supervision. Findings -The review included 17 supervision frameworks, encompassing 13 domains of supervision: definitions; purpose and function; supervision models; contexts; content; Modes of engagement; Supervisor attributes; supervisory relationships; supervisor responsibilities; supervisee responsibilities; structures/process for supervision and support; facilitators and barriers; outcomes. The authors developed a reflective, supervision and support framework "Connecting Practice" that is practitioner centred, recognises the tacit and explicit knowledge that staff bring to the relationship, and enables them to identify their own goals and support networks within the context in which they work. Research limitations/implications -This is a thematic analysis of the literature which was argely based on an analysis of grey literature. Practical implications -The resulting core domains of supervision provide an evidence-based foundation for the development of clinical supervision models which can be adapted to a range of contexts. Social implications -An outcome of this paper is a framework called Connecting Practice which organises the domains of supervision in a temporal way, separating those domains that can be modified to improve the supervision framework, from those which are less easily modifiable. This approach is important to help embed the implementation of supervision and support into organisational practice. This paper adds to the existing growing body of work around supervision by helping understand the domains or components that make up the supervisory experience. Originality/value -Connecting Practice replaces traditional, more hierarchical models of supervision to put the practitioner at the centre of a personalised supervision and support network.The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at

Although the literature on the diversity of airborne algal communities in various locations around the world is increasing, little is known about their temporal and spatial patterns. We compared airborne algal communities from Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA, over three 24-h sampling periods to examine diurnal patterns in diversity and abundance. Using a culture-based approach, 192 algal colonies were characterized and identified as 31 operational taxonomic units. A combination of microscopy and Sanger sequencing (of the UPA marker) was used for characterizations. More airborne algal colonies were identified from nighttime collections (127 of 192 colonies) than daytime collections (65 of 192 colonies) (p \ 0.0001). Similarly, 95% of the daytime collections were Cyanobacteria, and 87% of the nighttime collections were Chlorophyta, and the trends of more Cyanobacteria being collected during the day and more Chlorophyta at night were significant (p \ 0.0001). Meteorological analyses for the sampling periods indicated that air masses sampled during the three trials consistently arrived in the Hawaiian Islands on a northeast trade wind pattern, but with different origins in the Pacific Ocean, and that low-totrace levels of rain fell during the sampling periods. Land breeze and sea breeze effects, which are common temperature-driven phenomena on tropical islands, may have played a role in the diurnal pattern observed in the current study.