Behavioral theory informs the selection of factors to target in a behavioral intervention. Special considerations apply when working with children. A program to target risk must be based in behavioral theory, supported by practical data, and tailored to the needs and beliefs of the target community.

Permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM) is a rare genetic condition characterized by hyperglycemia, insulinopenia, and failure to thrive beginning in the first 6 months of life. Recessive mutations in INS lead to decreased production of insulin via a variety of mechanisms. We present a case of two brothers, born to consanguineous parents, with a novel homozygous intronic variant in the INS gene. Each patient presented with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and significant hyperglycemia within the first 24 h of life. All the grandparents have a diagnosis of diabetes, one of them requiring insulin treatment and the parents currently deny personal histories of diabetes. Although this mutation has not previously been described, given the segregation of the mutation, absence of heterozygosity (AOH) in the genomic region encompassing the INS locus, documented insulinopenia, and high neonatal insulin requirements, we suspect that this variant is pathogenic. Possible implications for personalized treatment of the underlying molecular etiology for an individual's diabetes are discussed.