Background Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (S(CLE) lacks consensus diagnostic criteria and the pathogenesis is poorly understood. There are increasing reports of SCLE induced by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), but there are limited data on the aetiology, clinical characteristics and natural course of this disease. Methods We devised a set of diagnostic criteria for SCLE in collaboration with a multinational, multispecialty panel. This systematic review employed a two-layered search strategy of five databases for cases of mAb-induced SCLE (PROSPERO registered protocol CRD42019116521). To explore the relationship between relative mAb use and the number of SCLE cases reported, the estimated number of mAb users was modelled from 2013 to 2018 global commercial data and estimated annual therapy costs. Results From 40 papers, we identified 52 cases of mAb-induced SCLE, occurring in a cohort that was 73% female and with a median age of 61 years. Fifty percent of cases were induced by anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-ɑ agents. A median of three drug doses preceded SCLE onset and the lesions lasted a median of 7 weeks after drug cessation. Oral and topical corticosteroids were most frequently used. Of the licensed mAbs, adalimumab, denosumab, rituximab, etanercept and infliximab were calculated to have the highest relative number of yearly users based on global sales data. Comparing the number of mAb-induced SCLE cases with estimated yearly users, the checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab showed strikingly high rates of SCLE relative to their global use, but ipilimumab did not. Conclusion We present the first systematic review characterising mAb-induced SCLE with respect to triggers, clinical signs, laboratory findings, prognosis and treatment approaches. We identify elevated rates associated with the use of checkpoint inhibitors and anti-TNFɑ agents.

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Introduction This audit was developed after noticing patients with open fractures had poor neurovascular assessment documentation (non-specific, none post-manipulation), and to check these patients received appropriate antibiotics. Review of open fracture management guidelines identified areas to be improved. Method Pre-operative hospital management of open fractures was audited using the NICE (NG37) and joint BOAST/BAPRAS guidelines on open fracture management. Interventions were awareness and education of junior doctors and editing the Trauma Clerking Form to prompt appropriate management and documentation, followed by re-audit. Results 30 patients were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Correct antibiotic administration rate (93%vs97%) and speed (50% <2 hours where not given pre-hospital - in both groups) were similar. The initial neurovascular assessment frequency was identical (93%), however documentation of assessment of specific arteries (86%vs30%) and nerves (60%vs23%) and assessing all appropriate arteries (60%vs13%) and nerves (60%vs20%) improved. There were increased frequencies of documenting manipulation in A&E (90%vs47%) and neurovascular assessment post-manipulation (90%vs16%). Tetanus cover (87%vs77%), photo availability (70%vs40%), and appropriate dressing use (47%vs27%) improved. Conclusions Antibiotic management was consistent and appropriate. There were improvements in frequency and quality of neurovascular assessment, tetanus cover, availability of photographs of injuries and appropriate dressings used. Overall, pre-operative hospital management of open fractures improved.

Gangrene of the bladder is fortunatley now very rare, with better obstetric care and the advent of the antibioic era. It can present fulminatly with bladder rupture, or less commonly with the sequelae of necrotic urothlium and detrusor causing recurrent episiodes of sepsis, urinary retention or catheter blockages. A high level of morbidity and mortality is associated with the condition. Case History We present a case of a 75 year old male with multiple co-morbidities, including diabetes and vascular disease, who presented to the urology team with recurrent episodes of sepsis and frequent blockage of his long term urethral catheter. After months of no catheter problems, he was admitted to intensive care with severe sepsis following a catheter blockage at home. After discharge he suffered multiple further episodes of urinary sepsis and catheter blockages, requiring almost daily catheter changes. After multiple imaging investigations looking for a source of the recurrent severe infections, a cystoscopy under general anaesthtic revealed a large volume of necrotic tissue in his bladder, which, on biopsy, was found to be sloughed urothelium and detrusor muscle consistent with recent gangrene of the bladder. No problems with the ctaheter were reported after the bladder washout and cystoscopic debridement Discussion The diagnosis of bladder gangrene was delayed becuase of the patients insideous presentation. Had the imaging investigations revelaed an associated bladder rupture when he intially presented to ITU , it is likley that the diagnosis and appropriate debridement would have been perfomed sooner. The patient required muliple readmissions with a blocked catheter before the diagnosis was made, but the eventual cystoscopic debridement was successful. Conclusion Clinicians should keep gangrene of the bladder on the list of differential diagnoses for recurrent catheter blockages, particularly if recognised risk factors have been present. These include a history of catheterisation, vascular disease, diabetes, recent critical illness requiring inotropes and urinary tract infections.