Purpose of Review Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with several forms of risk-taking behavior (RTB). This paper aims to examine the scope of ADHD-related RTB, to highlight potential underlying mechanisms of this association, and to review initial evidence for interventions aimed to treat ADHD-related RTB. Recent Findings Multiple lines of evidence indicate that ADHD is associated with real-life RTB across several domains (e.g., reckless driving, substance use, and unprotected sex), which is corroborated by evidence on laboratory risk-taking tasks. Several individual differences, some of them informed by decision theory, e.g., comorbid disorders, parental monitoring, and perceived enlarged benefits of RTB, may explain the link between ADHD and RTB. A number of studies showed that interventions designed for ADHD may reduce RTB. Summary ADHD is linked to RTB across several domains. Decision theory may serve as a conceptual framework for understanding the underlying mechanisms, and thus may inform future research.

In response to the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, states have introduced public health measures to limit community transmission of the disease. These measures include public instructions regarding home isolation and quarantine, personal hygiene, restrictions on gathering and traveling, and social distancing. The instructions' efficacy in limiting the spread of the pandemic depends on public adherence to them. Despite the potentially harmful consequences for individuals and public health, nonadherence to the instructions (non-AtI) for the COVID-19 pandemic has been frequent. 1,2 The objective of this study was to identify predictors of non-adherence. The hypothesized predictors were chosen based on the clinical literature regarding risk factors for non-adherence to medical instructions 3 and engagement in risk-taking behavior. 4 These included demographic factors (e.g., male sex), health and personality factors (e.g., psychological distress, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] symptoms, low levels of pro-sociality, past risk-taking behavior), and perceptions regarding COVID-19 risk and instruction-related variables (e.g., exposure to the instructions). This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Seymour Fox School of Education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often assumed to be associated with increased engagement in risk-taking behaviors. The current study sought to understand the mental processes underlying this association using a theory-driven behavioral economics perspective. Psychological risk-return models suggest that risk and benefit are inherently subjective, and risk taking is best understood as the interplay between cognitions and motivations regarding the benefits and risks of alternatives. A sample of 244 adults was assessed for ADHD symptoms. The likelihood of engagement in a range of risky behaviors (e.g., driving without wearing a seat belt), the magnitude of perceived benefit and risk ascribed to these behaviors, and benefit and risk attitudes of each participant were extracted from the Domain Specific Risk Taking (DOSPERT) scales. ADHD symptoms were correlated with more risky behaviors and perception of greater benefits from engaging in these behaviors, but were not correlated with risk perception. Mediation analysis revealed that the association between ADHD symptoms and engagement in risk taking was mediated by perceived benefits. These findings highlight the idea that people with high level ADHD symptoms tend to engage in risky behaviors because they find such behavior particularly appealing, rather than because they seek risk per se.