WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• New drugs are expected to undergo rigorous clinical electrocardiographic evaluation ('thorough QT/QTc study') during their early clinical development in order to determine any affect on cardiac repolarization. • The fluoroquinolone antibiotic moxifloxacin (400 mg) has been used as a positive comparator for thorough QT/QTc studies due to its QT prolongation (QTcF) of between 6 and 10 ms. • Positive comparators that are able to produce mean changes close to the regulatory guidelines of 5 ms, and which can be detected by the assay in use, would enable a more rigorous evaluation of the assay conditions used in evaluating new chemical entities. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This thorough QT/QTc study directly compares the effects of two doses of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin on QTc in the same healthy subjects.• Mean QTc was prolonged in subjects receiving levofloxacin compared with placebo as determined by both individual and Fridericia's heart rate correction methods.• The largest time-matched differences in QTc for two doses of levofloxacin compared with placebo suggest the potential for using levofloxacin in more rigorous QT/QTc studies, providing a robust evaluation of the assay conditions used in determining potential effects on cardiac repolarization.• There is evidence to suggest that levofloxacin moderately increases heart rate in a dose-dependent fashion. AIMSTo characterize the effects of levofloxacin on QT interval in healthy subjects and the most appropriate oral positive control treatments for International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) E14 QT/QTc studies. METHODSHealthy subjects received a single dose of levofloxacin (1000 or 1500 mg), moxifloxacin (400 mg) or placebo in a four-period crossover design. Digital 12-lead ECGs were recorded in triplicate. Measurement of QT interval was performed automatically with subsequent manual onscreen over-reading using electronic callipers. Blood samples were taken for determination of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin concentrations. RESULTSMean QTcI (QT interval corrected for heart rate using a correction factor that is applicable to each individual) was prolonged in subjects receiving moxifloxacin 400 mg compared with placebo. The largest time-matched difference in QTcI for moxifloxacin compared with placebo was observed to be 13.19 ms (95% confidence interval 11.21, 15.17) at 3.5 h post dose. Prolonged mean QTcI was also observed in subjects receiving levofloxacin 1000 mg and 1500 mg compared with placebo. The largest time-matched difference in QTcI compared with placebo was observed at 3.5 h post dose for both 1000 mg and 1500 mg of levofloxacin [mean (95%) 4.42 ms (2.44, 6.39) in 1000 mg and 7.44 ms (5.47, 9.42) in 1500 mg]. A small increase in heart rate was observed with levofloxacin during the course of the study. However, moxifloxacin showed a greater increase compared with levofloxacin. CONCLUSIONSBoth levofloxacin and moxifloxacin can fulfil the criteria for a positive comparator. The ICH E14 guidelines recommend a thres...

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Cadmium was given to female rats in the drinking water (50 ppm Cd) from 4 weeks before mating until weaning (a total of 10 weeks). Four weeks after the discontinuation of exposure, mothers and offspring were then given two i.p. doses of 1 mmol kg-1 sodium N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-D-glucamine-N-carbodithioate monohydrate (MeOBDCG) on subsequent days. Cadmium in kidneys and liver was determined in groups of mothers before mating and in mothers and pups after parturition, at the end of lactation and 4 and 5 weeks after the discontinuation of exposure. An additional measurement was made in pups in the middle of the lactation period. Cadmium deposition rapidly increased in the two organs between the 11th and 21st day of lactation. At all times, Cd concentrations in the liver and kidneys of mothers were several orders higher than in the offspring. After the discontinuation of exposure, maternal hepatic and renal Cd contents showed a significant decrease. Treatment with the chelator depleted the hepatic Cd stores in mothers by 90% and in pups by 80%, while the corresponding renal depletions were only 23% and 12%, respectively. The liver and kidney contents of Cd (but not the concentration) increased by a higher factor during lactation than during pregnancy and exposure during lactation was also more important for pups than prenatal exposure. The lower efficiency of the chelator in the offspring indicates that Cd accumulated during the neonatal period was less accessible to treatment with chelating agents than Cd accumulated in later life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)