In northern Croatia, the Neogene sediments cover complicated basement rocks which consist of Alpine and Dinaridic elements in the Zagorje area, and Variscan -Alpine formations of the Tisia (Tisza) megatectonic unit in the Slavonian Mountains (Mts.). The Neogene sediments were deposited in two separate basins before the Karpatian, but sedimentation became uniform from the Karpatian onwards (~17.5 Ma). Of the 24 localities that we have studied so far paleomagnetically from northern Croatia, 16 localities are of Karpatian or younger age, while the rest are pre-Karpatian.As a result of laboratory analysis, 16 localities yielded tectonically interpretable results. Our data suggests that northern Croatia shifted northwards, while rotating moderately counterclockwise, probably before the Karpatian. A second counterclockwise rotation occurred at the present latitude in post-Pontian times. There is no significant difference between localities situated above different basements, though Tisia is pictured as rotating clockwise in the Neogene. The paleomagnetic pattern of northern Croatia resembles that of areas situated north of the Periadriatic-Balaton line. Therefore, we conclude that northern Croatia is part of a larger block, dissected by several important tectonic lines, driven by the counterclockwise rotated Adriatic microplate.

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The Miocene deposits of the Hrvatska Kostajnica (KOS-I) area belong to the south-western marginal part of the Pannonian Basin System (PBS). Investigation of the lithostratigraphical column included: mineralogical, geochemical, sedimentological and integrated palaeontological (calcareous nannofossil, foraminifers, ostracodes, palynomorphs) analyses. Badenian and Sarmatian sediments of this column were deposited in a marine offshore environment with local input of terrigenous material represented by marls and silty marls. Based on palaeontological data, the recorded palaeoclimate was subtropical in the late Badenian changing to a warm temperate climate of the early Sarmatian. Marly sediments predominantly consist of carbonate (calcite and aragonite) and clay minerals, while quartz and plagioclase are less abundant. Most samples contain a small amount of zeolite minerals from the clinoptilolite/heulandite series. Among the clay minerals, smectite and illite/muscovite are the most abundant. Based on provenance analyses we concluded that the Badenian-Sarmatian marls were predominantly formed by the weathering of acidic (Si-rich) source rock derived material from the neighbouring Inner Dinarides.

Pleistocene deposits are represented by aeolian and aquatic-aeolian sediments while in the Holocene, deposits are dominated by alluvial and subordinately by deluvial-proluvial sediments. Marsh sediments are less abundant. Similar distinctions of these sediments are applied on the Geological Map of the Republic of Croatia 1:300.000 (2009). Similar sediments are described by AVANIĆ et al. (2006) from the outcrop near Vojnić (Fig. 1A), and consist of silts, clays, gravels and sands which were deposited in an alluvial environment and belong to the informal Bistra Formation. The chronostratigraphic position of this formation is still under debate due to the lack of absolute dating evidence. AVANIĆ et al. (2006) suggest that the Bistra Formation spans a Pliocene-Pleistocene age. During mapping for the Basic Geological Map of the Republic of Croatia at 1:50.000 scale, two boreholes: Badel-1 (45°82'64''N; 16°09'98''E) at 71.50 m deep and Badel-2 (45°82'67''N; 16°10'09''E) at 84.40 m were studied in the area of the former "Badel" factory in Sesvete (Fig. 1). On this map, Quaternary sediments are subdivided on the basis of their lithology. In the Pleistocene, silts, clays, sands and gravels of the informal Bistra Formation (BS) are dominant while in the Holocene-Pleistocene, sands and gravels of the second terrace (t 2) are present. The Holocene is represented by (a) silts and clays of marsh environments and (b) sands, silts and gravels of alluvial environments. Within the investigated sediments of the boreholes, the deep blue mineral vivianite was