Observations have been made regarding the effects of long-term exercise training on blood pressure, renal sodium handling and renal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAS) intracellular pathways in conscious, trained Okamoto-Aoki spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKy) normotensive rats, compared with appropriate agematched sedentary SHR and WKy. To evaluate the influence of exercise training on renal function and RAS, receptors and intracellular angiotensin II (AngII) pathway compounds were used respectively, and lithium clearance and western blot methods were utilised. The current study demonstrated that increased blood pressure in SHR was blunted and significantly reduced by long-term swim training between the ages of 6 and 16 weeks. Additionally, the investigators observed an increased fractional urinary sodium excretion in trained SHR (SHR T ) rats, compared with sedentary SHR (SHR S ), despite a significantly decreased creatinine clearance (C Cr ). Furthermore, immunoblotting analysis demonstrated a decreased expression of AT1 R in the entire kidney of T SHR rats, compared with S SHR . Conversely, the expression of the AT2 R , in both sedentary and trained SHR, was unchanged. The present study may indicate that, in the kidney, long-term exercise exerts a modulating effect on AngII receptor expression. In fact, the present study indicates an association of increasing natriuresis, reciprocal changes in renal AngII receptors and intracellular pathway proteins with the fall in blood pressure levels observed in T SHR rats compared with age-matched S SHR rats.

The development and diffusion of jūdō in Brazil is attributed to a small group of Japanese immigrants in the city of São Paulo. This study seeks to present the importance of Shigeichi Yoshima (Yoshima) and his role as an immigrant in the spread of jūdō. The results demonstrate the importance of Japanese immigrants in the interior of the state of São Paulo and their links with local teachers. The proximity between Yoshima and Oda needs to be verified by further studies.

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