We show that IL-36R is expressed by T (CD4+ and CD8+) and B (CD19+) lymphocytes in human blood and also by CD4+ T lymphocytes in the intestinal lamina propria. IL-36R protein was mostly stored in the cytoplasm of CD4 lymphocytes and B cells, during steady andthe greatest expression of IL-36R mRNA was measured in CD4+ (T helper) lymphocytesIL-36 β, which functions via IL-36R induced rapid and significant (P <0.05) proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes, within 48h. IL-36R expression was also maintained on the surface of circulating CD4+ lymphocytes which enter the intestinal lamina propria.In conclusion our study is the first to show that (1) all human blood lymphocytes express IL-36R; (2) IL-36R expression is maintained by circulating CD4+ lymphocytes which enter the intestinal lamina propria and (3) IL-36R/IL-36 β induces rapid CD4 lymphocyte proliferation. The possible significance of these results in the context of human disease is discussed.3

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-The incidence of diploid males among 1457 individuals of different populations of six euglossine bee species (Eufriesea violacea , Eulaema cingulata , Euglossa annectans , Euglossa iopoecila , Euglossa pleosticta and Euglossa truncata ) was investigated with microsatellite markers. Bees were surveyed in Atlantic Forest fragments showing different sizes and degrees of human interference. Our analyses revealed that, although the frequencies of diploid males remained below 10 % for five out of six species studied, the frequencies of these males in three populations of Eg. annectans were above 15.0 %. For this species, while the average estimate of diploid males was around 11.0 %, the highest percentage (27 %) of such males was found for the population from an island. Our findings indicate that the frequency of diploid males can vary substantially among species and this fact should be taking into consideration in studies and conservation actions involving different euglossine bees. microsatellites / Euglossini / euglossine bees / Euglossa annectans / forest fragments

International audienceAbstractThis study analysed the population genetic structure of Euglossa iopoecila, an orchid bee species endemic to the Atlantic Forest which shows a variation in the colour of its metallic integument across its distribution. Our analyses were based on microsatellite and mitochondrial markers. From ten microsatellite loci surveyed, six are described herein for the first time. Mitochondrial markers were obtained by sequencing 651 bp of Cytb gene. Bees were collected from six Atlantic Forest remnants distributed along the Serra do Mar Biodiversity Corridor, which is one of the largest remnants of dense forest within the Atlantic Forest of southern and south-eastern Brazil. The microsatellite markers showed lower levels of genetic structure than those found for mitochondrial markers. Our findings based on mitochondrial markers indicate the existence of at least two different evolutionarily significant units of E. iopoecila populations along the Serra do Mar Biodiversity Corridor