According to the European Cement Association, CEMBUREAU, in 2015, the global cement production was 4.6 billion tons. Traditional cement production emits approximately 1 ton of CO 2 per ton of cement, which represents almost 80% of the total CO 2 emissions of concrete and approximately 6% of the world's emissions. Among supplementary cementitious materials, the use of agro-waste ash emerges due to its reduced CO 2 emissions, chloride diffusion, and materials cost, in addition to its greater compressive strength. In Colombia, the disposal of agro-wastes, such as tobacco waste, is an environmental and economic concern. In this study, ash obtained from tobacco waste (TWA) was studied as a sustainable partial replacement for cement in hydraulic concrete. The TWA was reduced to a particle size of less than 75 μm and was characterized by X-ray florescence. A central composite design was used to study the influence of the ash replacement percentage of cement and the water/binder (w/b) ratio on the compressive strength at 28 days. The results show that it is possible to replace 10% of the cement with TWA using a 0.5 w/b ratio and obtain a 51% higher compressive strength than the control mixture at 28 days. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrated an improvement of 86% in the 7-day compressive strength when TWA was used.
Este artículo puede compartirse bajo la licencia CC BY-ND 4.0 y se referencia usando el siguiente formato: R.Fragozo, V. Bedoya, J. López, "Modelo para el control de inundaciones utilizando dos embalses en paralelo," Rev. ResumenEste artículo presenta un modelo matemático que permite simular el comportamiento de embalses en paralelo, como infraestructura primaria para el control de inundaciones, utilizando el concepto de embalse multipropósito. El modelo se conforma de un conjunto de ecuaciones que representan los flujos de entrada y salida de los embalses y las restricciones asociadas al control de inundaciones. La validación del modelo se realiza utilizando los parámetros técnicos de dos embalses del Sistema Eléctrico Colombiano. Con este desarrollo se ofrece al mercado eléctrico nuevas herramientas orientadas a la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la prevención y el control de inundaciones.Palabras clave: control de inundaciones; embalse multipropósito; fenómeno de La Niña. AbstractThis article presents a mathematical model to simulate the behavior of two reservoirs in parallel as primary infrastructure for flood control using the concept of Multipurpose Reservoir. The model is made up of a set of equations that represent the inflows and outflows of reservoirs and constraints associated with flood control. Model validation is performed using the technical parameters of two reservoirs of the Colombian Electric System. With this development, new decision-oriented tools are offered to the electricity market related to flood prevention and control.
Objetivo: determinar la reproducibilidad inter evaluador de la escala de Masmali en función del Test de Ferning para la evaluación de la película lagrimal.Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de evaluación de pruebas diagnósticas. La muestra estuvo integrada por 50 estudiantes del programa de optometría de la Universidad Santo Tomás, Bucaramanga. Se evaluó la osmolaridad de la película lagrimal de los individuos a través del test de Ferning. Dos observadores clasificaron los patrones en helecho obtenidos, empleando la escala de Masmali para determinar su reproducibilidad.Resultados: se demostró que la escala de Masmali es una herramienta de medición de la osmolaridad lagrimal válida; sus resultados son confiables y reproducibles. La concordancia inter evaluador fue moderada con un Kappa Ponderado de 0,5658 con un 88% de acuerdo y un error estándar de kappa de 0,0995 y un valor P de <0,0001.Conclusiones: se recomienda el uso de la escala de Masmali como un método de evaluación del fluido lagrimal, por arrojar resultados confiables. No obstante, estos deben ser correlacionados con otras pruebas de superficie ocular para la emisión de diagnósticos en la evaluación de las disfunciones lagrimales.
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