Highlights
The patterns of practice for adaptive radiotherapy were evaluated for 177 centres.
Over half performed ad-hoc adaption but less than a third used specific protocols.
CBCT was the main imaging modality in general but MR was used for daily replanning.
2/3 centres wished to implement ART; 40% of them had plans to do it within 2 years.
The main barriers were human/material resources and technical limitations.
La radioterapia adaptativa (Adaptive Radiation Therapy, ART) se puede definir como la modificación del plan de tratamiento administrado a un paciente durante el curso de la radioterapia para tener en cuenta los cambios en la anatomía.
La aplicación de ART supone un cambio en el proceso radioterápico que implica el uso de numerosos recursos adicionales, no estando implementada de forma general. Así, aun tratándose de una idea introducida hace más de 20 años, todavía a fecha de hoy son objeto de estudio muchos de los aspectos que definen la ART: la decisión de proceder a la nueva planificación del tratamiento, el momento óptimo para adaptar el plan, el umbral dosimétrico o anatómico que define la necesidad de adaptar y la identificación de los pacientes que realmente se beneficiarían de la adaptación del tratamiento.
Este informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre ART de la Sociedad Española de Física Médica (SEFM) tiene como objetivo describir los principios de esta técnica, así como los elementos necesarios para su implementación.
Se exponen las dos estrategias principales atendiendo al momento de su aplicación: offline, para actuar ante los cambios progresivos que se observan durante el tratamiento, y online, para mitigar los cambios aleatorios.
Se revisa el estado actual de ART aplicado a la práctica clínica para diferentes localizaciones anatómicas.
Se describen algunos de los instrumentos clave para su implementación: los algoritmos de registro deformable (Deformable Image Registration, DIR), exponiendo las principales métricas de similitud, los métodos de optimización de la similitud, y los modelos de deformación utilizados, analizando las características de los algoritmos de los softwares más utilizados.
Además, dada la importancia que tiene conocer la incertidumbre adicional que introduce el uso de los algoritmos DIR (sobre todo cuando se utilizan para deformar la matriz de dosis absorbida) se dedica un apartado a la validación de estos algoritmos, incluyendo los resultados para los principales softwares comerciales disponibles actualmente.
Por último, se presentan unas recomendaciones a la hora de aplicar ART en la práctica clínica.
The Monaco Treatment Planning System (TPS), based on a virtual energy fluence model of the photon beam head components of the linac and a dose computation engine made with Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm X-Ray Voxel MC (XVMC), has been tested before being put into clinical use. An Elekta Synergy with 6 MV was characterized using routine equipment.After the machine's model was installed, a set of functionality, geometric, dosimetric and data transfer tests were performed. The dosimetric tests included dose calculations in water, heterogeneous phantoms and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) verifications.Data transfer tests were run for every imaging device, TPS and the electronic medical record linked to Monaco. Functionality and geometric tests were run properly. Dose calculations in water were in accordance with measurements so that, in 95% of cases, differences were up to 1.9%. Dose calculation in heterogeneous media showed expected results found in the literature. IMRT verification results with an ionization chamber led to dose differences lower than 2.5% for points inside a standard gradient. When an 2-D array was used, all the fields passed the γ (3%, 3 mm) test with a percentage of succeeding points between 90% and 95%, of which the majority of the mentioned fields had a percentage of succeeding points between 95% and 100%. Data transfer caused problems that had to be solved by means of changing our workflow. In general, tests led to satisfactory results. Monaco performance complied with published international recommendations and scored highly in the dosimetric ambit. However, the problems detected when the TPS was put to work together with our current equipment showed that this kind of product must be completely commissioned, without neglecting data workflow, before treating the first patient.
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