This paper evaluates the impact of Brazil's National Program to Strengthen Family Farming (PRONAF) on the time allocation of household members. We use data from the 2014 Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, and we apply propensity score methods to complex surveys recently recommended in the literature. We find that PRONAF helps to increase focus on agricultural activities, but it also stimulates female partners to engage in unpaid work. The results show significant effects of PRONAF on child labor and on the gender‐specific division of labor within households, although it does not have the usual adverse effects of rural credit programs on school attendance.

Background Family Health Strategy (FHS) is the largest community-based health program in Brazil. There is limited evidence about its effectiveness, especially about adolescents. We aimed to access its effects on adolescents’ reproductive health. Methods We estimate its effects on contraception at individual level using data from a national health survey carried out in 2013 and applying propensity score matching combined with complex survey weights. We employed a differences-in-differences approach for evaluate its effects on adolescent maternity rate at municipal level between 1996 and 2016. Results FHS has positive effects on the probability of using contraceptives. The highest effect was over the concomitant use of pills and male condom (increase of 12 percentage points). For households with female adolescents, it was even higher (26 percentage points). We found a monotonous decrease on adolescent maternity rate following exposure time to FHS, especially in the poorest regions. Conclusions Even not being focused on reproductive health, FHS has positive effects on it. We interpret the negative impact on adolescent maternity rates to be linked to an increased use of contraceptive methods. Key messages Programs such as FHS can be extremely important in promoting knowledge about family planning, especially for adolescents living in social vulnerability. We believe our findings to be important inputs for the discussion in countries where early childbearing is more prevalent, and inequalities are particularly striking..

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