Wing-length is difficult to measure reproducibly, and to compare between live birds and museum skins. Recently the length of Primary 8 was suggested as a measure of wing-length in live small passerines; smaller variation was found between observers than in wing-length. This paper examines which feather-length out of Primaries 1 and 6-9 best represents wing-length in 51 passerine species. It was found that Primary 8 represents wing-length best and forms about 75.5% of wing-length irrespective of wing-shape. A formula converting feather-length into wing-length is given and tested on other samples. A new method is presented for reproducibly measuring feather-length in museum skins with several advantages over wing-length. It is shown that, in small passerines, only very small differences in feather-length occur between individuals measured live and later as museum skins.The advantages and difficulties of feather-length measurements are discussed. Feather-length is recommended as a measure of wing-length. W ing-length is the measurement most frequently taken on live or freshly dead birds and on museum skins. It serves as a measure of size in a variety of contexts, for example in analysis of geographical variation and in the distinction of sex and age. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Wing-length is difficult to measure reproducibly in live birds and there are systematic differences between observers. 2' 8' 9 This results in different recommendations (i.e., to measure an unflattened, a flattened, or a flattened and straightened wing s-13). Apart from the potential hazard for a live bird to have its maximum wing-length measured by an inexperienced person, 12 measurements are dependent on the experience of the observer. 14-1e Even measurements taken by experienced persons using the same method may differ significantly between observers,2 14-18 although frequent checks between measurers can result in comparable measurements. 9' 19 Measuring wing-length in skins is even more difficult. Apart from the problems already mentioned, the manner of preparing the skin results in the wings being more or less bent 9 maximum wing-length of a wing sewn on to the body is extremely difficult to measure without damage to the skin.Comparing wing-length measurements from live or freshly dead birds with those from skins and freeze-dried specimens is not possible without correction for shrinkage in museum specimens. 7, 72,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Correction factors, however, have to be determined for each species; they cannot be estimated with accuracy from other species and are affected by the preparation technique ;9' 24, 25, 30, 31 even wings of the same species have been found to shrink differently. 9,22,24,25,27,28,31 Due to this lack of comparability, especially for investigations of geographical variation, museum collections are rarely used by field ornithologists 2 L. Jenni and R. Winkler for comparison with their wing measurements.The same problems32 arise with wing formulae and indices. [33][34][35][36][37][38...

This article focuses on Heidegger’s reflection on death in Being and Time, on the question of whether death can be mine, on what the connection between death and mineness can tell us about schizophrenia, and on the relation between Heidegger’s talk of death and mineness and Derrida’s talk of mourning and mineness.

Modern techniques for the investigation of correlated materials in the time domain combine selective excitation in the THz frequency range with selective probing of coupled structural, electronic and magnetic degrees of freedom using x-ray scattering techniques. Cryogenic sample temperatures are commonly required to prevent thermal occupation of the low energy modes and to access relevant material ground states. Here, we present a chamber optimized for high-field THz excitation and (resonant) x-ray diffraction at sample temperatures between 5 and 500 K. Directly connected to the beamline vacuum and featuring both a Beryllium window and an in-vacuum detector, the chamber covers the full (2-12.7) keV energy range of the femtosecond x-ray pulses available at the Bernina endstation of the SwissFEL free electron laser. Successful commissioning experiments made use of the energy tunability to selectively track the dynamics of the structural, magnetic and orbital order of Ca 2 RuO 4 and Tb 2 Ti 2 O 7 at the Ru (2.96 keV) and Tb (7.55 keV) L-edges, respectively. THz field amplitudes up to 1.12 MV cm −1 peak field were demonstrated and used to excite the samples at temperatures as low as 5 K.

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In this article, I focus on Heidegger’s conception of hospitality in his first and final lectures on Hölderlin’s Germania (1934/5), Remembrance (1941/2), and The Ister (1942). I argue that the hospitality of the foreigner for Heidegger is the condition of possibility of dwelling understood as the happening of history. In the first section I analyze the notions of hospitality in Levinas and Derrida. The second section unpacks some of the senses of the earth in Heidegger as the site of man’s historical dwelling, whereas in the third section I focus on holy mourning as the disposition that reveals the earth as the uncanny ground of history. In the final section, I spell out Heidegger’s conception of hospitality, the greeting, and the foreign guest.