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An effective, low-energy, field theory of s-wave quarkonia, constituent heavy quarks, and gluons is constructed which is manifestly gauge invariant. The interaction Lagrangian has the form of a twist expansion, as typically encountered in hard processes, and involves derivatives of arbitrary order. The parameters in the interaction are related with the nonrelativistic wave function, and standard results for QQ inclusive decays and radiative transitions are shown to be easily recovered. The light-cone gluon momentum distribution at very small x is calculated and shown to be uniquely determined by the non-relativistic wave function. The distribution has a part which goes as x −1 logx, ie. is more singular than the usually assumed 1/x behaviour. The fragmentation function for a virtual gluon to inclusively decay into an η c or η b is also calculated. We find that the emission of low momentum gluons makes this process quite sensitive to assumptions about the binding of heavy quarks in quarkonia.

The multipole L=2 structure function, measurable in deeply inelastic scattering of unpolarized leptons off a polarized J~1 nuclear target, is a good indicator of exotic quark-gluon components in the nucleus. We present here estimates of this structure function for two different classes of nucleilight nuclei describable in an independent-particle model approach and heavy nuclei described by slowly rotating collective variables. An estimate of the exotic effects is made within the context of a model wherein gluons and quarks from separate nucleons fuse together to alter the parton densities relative to that in isolated nucleons.

Objective: To determine the association between FRAP levels and preeclampsia Methodology: A case control study was conducted at Social Security Teaching Hospital Multan Road, Lahore between September 2019 March 2020. A total of 309 women were enrolled in the study using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. Women at 28 weeks or higher gestation, equal to or older than 18 years of age were included in the study. Those with a history of hypertensive issues before 20 weeks of gestation or other comorbidities were excluded from the study. For antioxidative analysis, the serum FRAP was measured using colorimetric assay. Patients sociodemographic, clinical, and reproductive history were recorded. For data analysis, SPSS version 24 was used and a p-value of 0.05 or less was considered as statistically significant. Results: Preeclampsia was found in 40 (13%) pregnant women in our study. The mean age + SD for the group with pre-eclampsia was 21.56 + 4.2 years while the mean age + SD for the normotensive group was 22.12 +5.6 years. The mean + SD FRAP levels were significantly higher in women with preeclampsia than the normotensive control group (p=0.01); 684.2 + 21.2 μmole/L in the preeclampsia group and 603.1 + 15.6 μmole/L in the control group. Conclusion: The FRAP levels were significantly higher in women with preeclampsia than the normotensive women indicating a correlation between high oxidative stress and risk of developing threatening pregnancy related issues. Keywords: antioxidant, FRAP, gestational, oxidative stress, preeclampsia

Aim: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of high beta HCG levels (>2 median concentration measured) in predicting pregnancy induced hypertension. Study design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and duration of study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Social Security Hospital, Lahore from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: One hundred and fifty pregnant females at 13-20 weeks of gestation were included. A 3cc blood sample was withdrawn from each women and serum was separated. The serum was stored at -20°C until analysis of β HCG test. This test was analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The sensitivity of the test was 86.5% and specificity was 96.8%. Each woman was followed till delivery and her status of hypertension which was induced due to pregnancy was observed. Results: The mean age was 31.5±6.2 years. The value of 2 median concentration measured showed that 23 cases had a value less or equal to 2 while 60 cases were those having a value greater than 2. The diagnostic accuracy of this test was 92.6%. There were 69.8% cases of PIH having beta HCG levels greater than 71000 mIU/ml and six cases with level of beta HCG higher than 100000 mIU/ml. Conclusion: Pregnancy induced hypertension is significantly associated with higher level of beta HCG and has an efficient diagnostic accuracy. Key words: Beta HCG, Pregnancy, Hypertension