Background Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most widely used drugs to treat pain. Its overdose is lethal causing liver and kidney failure. Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity are mostly due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Ocimum basilicum, known as basil, is a commonly used medicinal plant due to its versatile role as antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidative. We aim in this study to investigate the preventive and protective effect of basil leaves aqueous extract against APAP-induced hepatorenal toxicity in BALB/c mice. Methods Acute kidney injury (AKI) was induced in mice using APAP. Mice were treated with basils extract pre and post AKI induction. Kidney and liver functions were assessed by measuring creatinine, urea, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase levels in serum. Superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde levels of renal and hepatic tissues were assayed using Elisa. Kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) was quantified in kidney homogenate. Histopathological analysis of kidney and liver were examined. Results Significant increase in all serum parameters, in hepatic and renal MDA, and in renal KIM-1 levels was observed post AKI induction. Treatment with basils post AKI induction minimized APAP damage by reducing serum markers and MDA in both organs and by increasing SOD and CAT. However, pretreatment with basils extract caused additional increase in serum ALT and AST and MDA in liver, with a significant increase in renal antioxidant enzymes. These results were confirmed by histopathological examination. Conclusion Basil extract may act as a natural antioxidant to treat APAP-induced acute hepato-renal toxicity when used as a post-treatment.

They showed anti-tumor effects in vivo and in vitro [17][18][19]. The essential oils of A. muricata leaves have parasiticidal, anti-diarrheal, rheumatological, and anti-neuralgic properties [20,21] AM water extract is commonly used in folk medicine to reduce inflammation as synthetic drugs have many side effects on liver and kidneys. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of AM extract against inflammation caused by a newly identified bacterial strain in our laboratory in albino mice. Materials and Methods Preparation of the water extract of Annona muricata leavesSterilized and shade air-dried Annona muricata leaves were purchased from USA from Nallife Company. AM leaves were of Thailand origin. Sixty grams of powdered AM leaves were soaked in 200 ml of boiling distilled water. Filtrate were extracted a second time with an additional 200 ml of boiling distilled water. The combined filtrate was then freezed-dried yielding a 2.43 g of brown, sticky precipitate that was stored at 4°C. Aliquot of extract residue were weighed and suspended in de-ionized distilled water to a final concentration of 34.2 mg/ml before use. AbstractAnnona muricata (AM) is a plant that is traditionally used for its various medicinal benefits. The present investigation aims at estimating the anti-inflammatory activity of AM leaf extract against peritonitis induced by Bacillus furmis. Albino mice (25-30 grams) were intra-peritoneally injected with 1.5 × 10 9 CFU Bacillus furmis and treated with either AM water extract (100 mg/kg) or combination of AM and aspirin. Control groups received only water. Mice were pre-treated with AM extract either two hours or 7 days prior to bacterial infection. Animals were sacrificed three days after bacterial infection. Livers and kidneys were removed and preserved in 10% formalin solution for histopathological studies or in Carnoys solution to assess level of glycogen in liver. The histopathological studies of animals treated with 100 mg/kg AME and 100 mg/kg aspirin showed a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect. However, the leaf extract alone exhibited different effect depending on the dose used. At high doses, AM leaf extract caused a toxic effect on both the liver and the kidney of mice, whereas at low dose it exhibited a protective effect. Therefore, we conclude that Annona muricata extract should be taken with precaution if to be used for extended period of time.

Annona muricata (AM) is a herb traditionally used to treat various human ailments. The mechanistic effect of Annona muricata extract on NALP3 inflammasome activation is not well understood. Objective: The present study investigates the inhibitory effects of Annona muricata extract on NALP3 inflammasome activation and its role in sepsis prevention. Methods: Sepsis was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia fergusonii. Mice were treated with Annona muricata extract. Its effect on liver was assessed both histologically and biochemically. Lipid peroxidation, level of IL-1β, TNF-α was measured colorimetrically and using Elisa kit in liver homogenates. The expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, caspase-1 and NALP3 genes were measured using RT-PCR. Results: AM extract significantly minimized the inflammation by decreasing the level and the expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in a time-dependent manner. Significant decrease in the gene expression level of caspase-1 and NALP3 was observed. Histopathologically, normal architecture of the liver of infected mice was regained after the herb treatment. Conclusion: Anonna Muricata can act as a potent therapeutic agent in treating various NALP3 associated inflammatory disorders.