Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a group of small (6–100 amino acids), biologically active molecules, which are produced by plants, mammals, and microorganisms (1). An important element of the innate immune response, AMP, possesses potent antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Furthermore, AMP may be involved in a number of other processes such as angiogenesis and modulation of the immune response such as stimulation of chemokines and chemotaxis of leukocytes. AMPs have been proposed as alternative therapies for infectious diseases. AMP may also exert cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Further understanding of the biological function of these peptides during tumor development and progression may aid in the development of novel anti-tumor therapies with refined application of innate molecules. AMP and complement have distinct roles to play in shaping the microenvironment (Table 1). Components of the complement system are integral contributors in responding to infection and sterile inflammation. Moreover, complement plays a role in the trafficking of cells in the tumor microenvironment, and thereby possibly in the immune response to cancer. This article will try to outline characteristics of AMP and complement in mobilization and recruitment of cells in tumor microenvironment.

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Hazardous waste of medical or research laboratory origin is a potential source of contamination to the environment. Untreated waste could contribute to the prevalence of various antibiotic-resistant human opportunistic pathogens. Efficient and proper handling and disposal of biological and clinical waste increases the biosafety of these facilities and reduce any potential threat to the environment. The aim of this study was to determine any gender difference in the management of hazardous biological materials among workers in medical teaching laboratories. The study included 75 participants, 56% of whom were females and 44% were males. A questionnaire including 4 sections was distributed among the participants. The results of the study found no gender difference in the participant's knowledge of the international biohazard and safety symbols and compliance with the recommended hazardous waste disposal procedures. In contrast, incident reporting was significantly higher among males (p<0.05). Extensive training programs and regular review of biosafety policy in teaching medical laboratories are required.

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