Repeatability and reproducibility of magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging of the breast, and the ability of this technique to assess the response of locally advanced breast cancer to neoadjuvant therapy (NAT), are determined. Reproducibility scans at 3 different 3 T scanners, including 2 scanners in community imaging centers, found a 16.3% difference (n = 3) in magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) in healthy breast fibroglandular tissue. Repeatability scans (n = 10) found a difference of ∼8.1% in the MTR measurement of fibroglandular tissue between the 2 measurements. Thus, MTR is repeatable and reproducible in the breast and can be integrated into community imaging clinics. Serial magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging performed at longitudinal time points during NAT indicated no significant change in average tumoral MTR during treatment. However, histogram analysis indicated an increase in the dispersion of MTR values of the tumor during NAT, as quantified by higher standard deviation ( P = .005), higher full width at half maximum ( P = .02), and lower kurtosis ( P = .02). Patients' stratification into those with pathological complete response (pCR; n = 6) at the conclusion of NAT and those with residual disease (n = 9) showed wider distribution of tumor MTR values in patients who achieved pCR after 2–4 cycles of NAT, as quantified by higher standard deviation ( P = .02), higher full width at half maximum ( P = .03), and lower kurtosis ( P = .03). Thus, MTR can be used as an imaging metric to assess response to breast NAT.

A free fibular flap is commonly used in adult mandibular reconstruction; however, its use in the pediatric population is not strongly supported. The authors are reporting the long-term update of a case of a pediatric patient who underwent a mandibular reconstruction using a free fibular flap after a resection of mandibular desmoid fibromatosis. Greatest growth was objectively measured and demonstrated at the condyle using a 3-dimensional model generated from Materialise software. This is 1 case and subsequent studies should be observed to further elucidate the full growth potential of the mandible in pediatric patients undergoing mandibular reconstruction.

Background Children born with Trisomy 13 or 18 (T13/18) often have multiple congenital anomalies, many of which drastically shorten their lifespan. Among these defects are cleft lip and palate, the repair of which presents an ethical dilemma to the surgeon given the underlying comorbidities associated with T13/18. The authors present an ethical discussion and institutional experience in navigating this dilemma. Methods The authors analyzed existing literature on T13 and T18 surgery and mortality. A retrospective study over ten years was also conducted to identify pediatric patients who underwent surgical correction of cleft lip and/or palate secondary to a confirmed diagnosis of T13/18. The authors identified two patients and examined their treatment course. Results The authors’ review of literature coupled with their institution's experience builds on the published successes of correcting cleft lip and palate in the setting of T13/18. It was found that both patients identified in the case series underwent successful correction with no surgical complications. Conclusion A careful balance must be struck between improved quality of life, benefits of treatment, and risks of surgery in children with T13/T18. Careful consideration should be given to the medical status of these complex patients. If the remaining medical comorbidities are well managed and under control, there is an ethical precedent for performing cleft lip and palate surgeries on these children. A diagnosis of T13/T18 alone is not enough to disqualify patients from cleft lip/palate surgery.