This computer application deals with energy auditing for rice-wheat cropping system. Computing different input parameters for the crop production system in terms of energy requirement (MJ/ha) can be done by using this computer application. The developed application was found to be a simple, easy and user-friendly with appropriate output units. It works efficiently and gives the desired output in terms of energy consumption (MJ/ha). The advantage of this application is to decide the inputs on the basis of energy consumption before performing actual cultivation practice using the last season data. Moreover, using this package energy budget difference and comparison of subsequent production seasons can be achieved. The computer application was developed using Visual Basic, which allows the user to calculate total energy use efficiency, specific energy and different energy ratios in a particular cropping system.

Aim: To study the feasibility of hexacopter UAV based sprayer for application of environment-friendly biopesticide in guava orchard. Methodology: Field experiments were conducted in Punjab (India) during 2020. UAV was evaluated for spraying environment-friendly bio-pesticidein guava orchard. UAV was operated at 2.0 m height above the tree top.The water and oil sensitive papers were fixed on the outer side as well as inside of selected guava trees at four different canopies. Organic neem seed kernel based azadirachtin 0.15% EC biopesticide was used at recommended dose. After spraying, all water and oil sensitive papers were collected for further laboratory analysis. All spray quality parameters, i.e., coverage (%), droplet density (droplets cm-2), droplet size (µm) and uniformity coefficient were determined. For the efficacy of drone sprayer insects were counted before and 1, 2, 7 days after spray (DAS) and reduction in number of insects was calculated. Results: The on-flight field capacity of spraying with UAV was 3.0-3.3 ha h-1 whereas actual field capacity was found to be 2.0-2.3 ha h-1. The total mean coverage area was found in the range of 2.67-10.67%. The maximum coverage was at the top canopy (inner and outer) of tree which was significantly higher than all other observation points on the canopy. The mean droplet density was found in the range of 14.67-28.33 droplets cm-2. The highest droplet density (28.33 droplets cm-2) was found at the top outer side of the tree canopy. The volume median diameter was found in the range of 208.0-418.3 µm whereas, number median diameter was in the range of 138 to 269 µm. The percent reduction in aphid population 1, 2 and 7 days after spray (DAS) was 38.06, 68.28 and 62.69%, respectively whereas it was 47.95, 78.69 and 70.90% with knapsack sprayer. Interpretation: Hexacopter UAV sprayer is effective in terms of quality of spray and effective control of aphid population.

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A comprehensible Visual Basic (VB) computer program is developed to find out the tractor parameters for an automated steering system. Tractor parameters such as real wheel and front wheel trajectory coordinates, clockwise front and rear wheel angle and corrected front and rear wheel angle can be calculated. Front wheel trajectory data, rear wheel trajectory, distance between front and rear wheel(X13), Tractor velocity vector(V) and Tractor turning angle with center line are input variables for developed software. The tractor parameters are being calculated with the help of mathematical model which are already fed in program. The developed program successfully calculates the tractor parameters on automated steering . This developed software could guide an autonomous agricultural tractor in the field. Furthermore, software navigates agricultural tractor both in straight or curved path at normal field operational speed.

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