Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple and rapid diagnostic technique and because of early availability of results, simplicity, minimal trauma and complication, the aspiration cytology is now considered as a valuable diagnostic aid and is gaining popularity. It also helps in giving proper direction for appropriate investigations. Objectives: To find out number of cases where FNAC of the lymph nodes picked up an unsuspected malignancy and to correlate the cytological findings with the histopathological findings in cases where lymph node biopsy is done. Methodology: It was a prospective study done on patient who presented with lymphadenopathy to various departments and referred to pathology department. The aspirate was collected from the enlarged lymphnodes using standard procedure with proper aseptic condition. The aspirate was examined for the amount and nature of the aspirated material, and then several smears were prepared. Smears were immediately fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol, and these smears were examined using various stains like haematoxylin and eosin stain, PAS stain also MGG's stain and Ziehl Neelsen stain. Observations: out of total 125 patients, 91 (73.60%) were Male patients and 34 (26.40%) were Female patients with M:F ratio of 2.79:1 with Male predominance. Distributions of all lymph node lesions shows cervical site i.e. 97 (77.6%) followed by inguinal i.e. 14 (11.2%) and other sites. Among all lymphnode lesions, 66.40% were neoplastic lesions and 33.60% were non-neoplastic lesions. Neoplastic lesions were more common in cervical group and Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was more common in cervical group. Cytological diagnosis was correlated with histopathology diagnosis in 13.6% cases. Conclusion: FNAC can help not only to differentiate among lymphoma, and metastasis, but also to identify nonspecific reactive lymphadenitis and specific infections such as tuberculosis lymphadenitis. The results are quite encouraging and even more advanced diagnostic tools available, FNAC can still recommended as the initial diagnostic test in the evaluation of superficial lymphadenopathy.

Background: Uterine cervix is common specimen from gynecological department with non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Most cervical cancers can be detected at pre-invasive state with an adequate screening and treated appropriately thus preventing overt progression to full blown cancer and hence decreasing morbidity and mortality. Carcinoma of cervix is a preventable tumor and if good effort given in detecting preinvasive lesion one can give definite treatment at earliest. Objectives: To evaluate the histopathological diagnosis of a biopsy of cervix in women with unhealthy cervix. Also, to study the agerelated, incidence and the incidence of various nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the cervix. Methodology: It is a cross sectional study. Institutional Ethics committee permission was taken prior to start of the study. Pertinent clinical history like age, significant family and personal history, history of other diseases was taken. Cervical biopsy specimens collected from histopathology section and grading of cervical lesions was done based on the proportion of stained cells and the intensity of staining. Statistical analysis was done. The data were tabulated and frequencies and percentages were calculated. Observations: The common age group was 41-50 years (37.50%) followed by 31-40 years of age (26.25%). The symptoms with which patients presented were vaginal bleeding (52.50%) followed by white discharge per vagina (16.25%) and menorrhagia (12.50%). The premalignant lesions were seen in 12 cases (15.0%) and malignant lesions in 68 cases (85.0%). Among them 64 malignant tumours were epithelial in origin. As per microscopic examinations squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 61 cases (93.75%), followed by 2 cases (3.13%) of adenocarcinoma, and 1 case (1.58%) of adenosquamous carcinoma and 1 case (1.54%) of rhabdomyosarcoma. Conclusion: Cervical cancer continues to be the most common cancer of females in developing countries. One of the most significant advances in the management of cervical neoplasms has been the realization that cervical intraepithelial lesions behave as progressive stages of a biologic continuum towards the development of invasive cancer.

Background: Cytological examination of serous fluids aspirated is a simple and relatively non-invasive technique to diagnose whether the effusion is malignant or benign. Cell block preparation along with conventional smear increases the sensitivity of detecting malignancies, and also has the ability to reduce false-positive interpretations. Methods: A total 68 samples of body fluid (pleural and ascitic) specimens were examined for conventional cytological smear (CS) and cell block method (CB) over a period of one year. Out of 68 fluids, 40 were pleural fluid and 28 were ascitic fluid. Each fluid specimen was examined by conventional smear technique as well as cell block technique. The morphological details, cellularity, architecture, nuclear and cytoplasmic details were studied in both CS and CB techniques. Result: A total 82.35% smears had adequate material; while of the total cell blocks, 75% cell blocks had adequate material. A total of 11.76% cases were malignant on smears,5.88% were suspicious of malignancy, 64.7% were benign/non-neoplastic lesions. A total 13.2% cases were malignant on cell block, 1.47% were suspicious of malignancy, 60.29% were benign/non-neoplastic lesions. Sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value and accuracy of cell block technique were greater than that of FNAC smears Conclusion: For the final cytodiagnosis of body fluid, there is statistically significant difference between the two techniques. Cell blocks prepared from the residual fluid specimen can be useful for more definitive diagnosis, with advantage of IHC and special stains where required.

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