Summary In concentrating solar power (CSP) plant, a novel method involving the use of thermocline can be employed to augment the capability of the thermal energy storage system (TES). The rate of thermocline degradation can be reduced by packing encapsulated phase change material (PCM) in the TES. The thermal performance of the packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system (PBTES) can be further enhanced by employing different diameters of PCM capsules arranged in multiple layers. In this paper, the thermal and exergetic performance of single‐layered and two‐layered PBTES is evaluated for varying mass flow rate, PCM capsule diameter and bed height of larger PCM capsules using a dynamic model based on simplified energy balance equations for PCM and heat transfer fluid (HTF). The single‐layered PBTES has a lower TES latent charging rate than the two‐layered PBTES. The charging efficiency and charging time of two‐layered PBTES are increased by 15.85% and 16.85%, respectively for reducing the HTF mass flow rate by 14.29%. A higher stratification number can be achieved by using a two‐layered PBTES instead of a single‐layered PBTES filled with the corresponding larger diameter PCM capsules. The second law efficiency of the two‐layered PBTES is found to be less than that of the single‐layered PBTES. A decrease in the bed height of larger PCM capsules decreases the exergetic efficiency of the two‐layered PBTES by 3.27%. The findings from this study can be used in further designing and optimising the multi‐layered PBTES.