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Formability is an important property requirement in sheet metal forming and mostly useful to automobile and aerospace industries. Every product design starts with finite element simulation before the die design and material selection stage. The forming limit curve along with finite element results acts as tool to investigate whether the design is feasible. Hence, it is of utmost importance that the forming limit curve is accurate over a wide range of strain path. Generally, a forming limit curve is derived from discrete failure strain points corresponding to different strain ratios by fitting a smooth curve. It has been observed from many studies that the generated forming limit curves are devoid of any failure points corresponding to equibiaxial strain path. This is found to be true even when the test conditions are supposed to produce biaxial state of strain. To understand the reason behind this observation, a set of forming limit diagram experiments and finite element analyses were carried out for high-strength interstitial free steel and interstitial free galvannealed steel with three different friction conditions. It was observed that friction plays an important role in right-hand side of the forming limit curve. Finite element results and experimental validation suggest that failure strain points for biaxial strain paths can be obtained only if the tests are conducted with proper lubrication system.

In this paper, a multiple surface sliding controller is designed for an anti-lock braking system to maintain the slip ratio at a desired level. Various types of uncertainties coming from unknown road surface conditions, the variations in normal force and the mass of the vehicle are estimated using an uncertainty estimation technique called the inertial delay control and then the estimate is used in the design of the multiple surface sliding controller. The proposed scheme does not require the bounds of uncertainties. The ultimate boundedness of the overall system is proved. The proposed scheme is validated by simulation under various scenarios of road friction, road gradient and vehicle loading followed by experimentation on a laboratory anti-lock braking set-up for different friction conditions.