Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein produced by granulosa cells of preantral and small antral follicles that has multiple important roles in the ovaries. Recent studies have revealed extragonadal AMH regulation of gonadotrophin secretion from bovine gonadotrophs. In this study we investigated whether the primary receptor for AMH, AMH receptor type 2 (AMHR2), is expressed in bovine oviducts and endometria. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction detected expression of AMHR2 mRNA in oviductal and endometrial specimens. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyse AMHR2 protein expression using anti-bovine AMHR2 antibody. Immunohistochemistry revealed robust AMHR2 expression in the tunica mucosa of the ampulla and isthmus, as well as in the glandular and luminal epithelium of the endometrium. AMHR2 mRNA (measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction) and AMHR2 protein expression in these layers did not significantly differ among oestrous phases in adult Wagyu cows (P>0.1). In addition, AMHR2 mRNA and protein expression in these layers did not differ among old Holsteins (mean (±s.e.m.) age 91.9±6.4 months) and young (26.6±0.8 months) and old (98.8±10.2 months) Wagyu cows. Therefore, AMHR2 is expressed in bovine oviducts and endometria.

Anoestrus is considered as one of the most prevalent reproductive disorders in dairy cows and may occur due to hormonal imbalance, nutritional deficiency and disease conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to overcome this disorder to make dairy herd profitable. Therefore, the aim of study was to determine effects of hormonal and nutritional treatments on induction of oestrus and conception in postpartum anoestrus cows. Effects of BCS and parity of anoestrus cows were also considered during treatment. Seventy two cross-breed cows having ≥60 days postpartum period were used, which were allotted for two treatment groups. Forty cows were treated with hormone (GnRH and PGF 2 ) and rest 32 cows were with nutritional supplement. AI was performed in cows in observed oestrus and the conception was determined by transrectal ultrasonography between 28-35 days post-Al. 75% cows showed oestrus in hormonal treatment groups whereas 56.3% cows in nutritional treatment group. Moreover, the conception rate was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cows (57.5%) received hormonal treatment compared to that of cows (40.6%) in nutritional treatment counterpart. Highest conception rate was also observed (69.2%) in GnRH treated cows having BCS 2-2.5. Cows with parity 1-3 responded better to treatment and had higher conception rate. These results suggest that diagnosis of ovarian activities and reproductive disorders with the help of ultrasonography can lead to use appropriate techniques for treatment as well as to improve reproductive efficiencies of cows in case of postpartum anoestrus.

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family. Preantral and small antral follicles secrete AMH in female animals (Bhide & Homburg, 2016). AMH expression is well-characterized in ovaries and plays important roles in regulating follicular development (Hernandez-Medrano, Campbell, & Webb, 2012) and inhibiting follicular atresia (Sefrioui, Madkour, Aboulmaouahib, Kaarouc, & Louanjli, 2019). Concentrations of circulating AMH can help to predict the number of high-quality embryos produced by various mammals, including cows and humans (Arouche et al., 2015; Sefrioui et al., 2019). High-quality embryos result from synchronous regulation by the sperm, ovum, oviduct, and endometrium. Further, plasma AMH concentrations are positively correlated with pregnancy rates in various animals, including humans and cows (Josso, 2019; Ribeiro et al., 2014). Accordingly, women with low blood AMH concentrations have an increased risk of miscarriage (Lyttle, Jukic, & Steiner, 2018; Tarasconi et al., 2017). Moreover, mares with delayed uterine clearance have significantly lower blood AMH concentrations than those without delayed uterine clearance (Gharagozlou, Akbarinejad, Youssefi, & Rezagholizadeh, 2013). Therefore, AMH might play vital roles in the oviduct and endometrium. AMH can act at the extragonadal level by activating its primary receptor, AMH receptor type 2 (AMHR2), in the gonadotrophs of anterior pituitaries of rats and bovines (Garrel et al., 2016; Kereilwe & Kadokawa, 2019). We have previously shown that bovine gonadotrophs express AMH, which likely acts in paracrine and autocrine manner (Kereilwe, Pandey, Borromeo, & Kadokawa, 2018). Endometrial tissues of healthy women also express AMHR2 (Kim et al., 2019). We recently discovered that AMHR2 is expressed in parts of the bovine oviducts and uterus that are important for fertility and embryogenesis, namely the epithelium of the tunica mucosa of the ampulla and isthmus, the epithelium

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The myiasis is very common surgical affections of ruminants in Bangladesh. There are limited researches on the maggot wound infestation in Bangladesh. A retrospective study was performed to collect data and to get a clear and genuine concept on myiasis affections in ruminants in respect to species. age, sex, breed, season and predilection sites. The present study was conducted in Veterinary Clinic, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh and data was recorded from 2008 to 2012. Results showed that 151 animals were affected with myiasis and maggot wounds predominantly occurred in the cattle (71.6%) among which calves were more affected. Myiasis was very prone to occur in the navel, vulva, leg and ear. During the study period, more affection occurred in animals of below 6 months (41%). The females (66%) were more frequently affected than the males (34%) and cross breed (57%) was more affected compared to local breed (43%).Moreover, infestation frequently observed from March to June (80%). This study could help veterinarians as well as farmers to be aware of the occurrence of maggot wounds and to implement protective measures with minimum complications.