Background: The co-morbidity of cardiometabolic diseases in patients with Tuberculosis adds a significant burden in current health systems in developing countries including Nepal. The main objective of this study was to explore cardiometabolic risk factors among patients with Tuberculosis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among patients with tuberculosis in 12 tuberculosis treatment centers from eight districts of Nepal between May and July 2017. Interviews with participants were conducted using a structured questionnaire and were supplemented by anthropometric measurements and on-site blood glucose tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Among 221 study participants, 138 (62.4%) had new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, 24 (10.9%) had new smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis and 34 (15.4%) had new extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Overall, 43.1% of the patients with tuberculosis had at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. The prevalence of at least one cardiometabolic risk factor was more in male than female (47.8% versus 33.8%). Prevalence of tobacco (18.9% versus 4.8%), and alcohol (12.6% versus 6.5%) use was proportionately higher in male compared to female. The prevalence of hypertension (17% vs. 21%) and obesity (11.9% vs. 12.9%) was lower in male compared to females. Female (AOR = 0.47; CI: 0.23-0.94), those from Gandaki Province (AOR = 0.32; CI: 0.13-0.79) and literate (AOR = 0.49; CI: 0.25-0.96) had reduced risk of cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Conclusions: This study highlights the role of gender and socio-demographic characteristics associated with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in patients with Tuberculosis. The findings from this study can guide medical practitioners and policy makers to consider clinical suspicion, diagnosis and treatment. National treatment guideline can benefit by integrating the management of non-communicable diseases in Tuberculosis treatment centers.

The exact picture of gall bladder diseases in cholecystectomies is not known. In this study, the purpose is to report the morphologies and frequency of gall bladder diseases in 200 cholecystectomies lesions in the last two years in our pathology laboratory. The age of patients ranged from 22 year to 81 year. Male to female ratio was 1:4. Out of 200 cholecystectomies lesions 190 cases (95%) had gall stones. Out of these three (1.5%) were acute cholecystitis, 187(93.5%) were chronic cholecystitis four (4 cases) -(2%) were adenocarcinoma and 6 ( 3%) normal gall bladder. The frequency of histological lesions were: acute gangrenous inflammation (2 cases %), Rokitansky Aschoff sinuses (RAS) (140 cases 70%), microliths (40 cases 20%), Adenomyomatous changes (8 cases 4%), focal abscess formations ( 4 cases 2%).

Background The co-morbidity of cardiometabolic diseases in patients with Tuberculosis adds a significant burden in current health systems in developing countries including Nepal. The main objective of this study was to explore cardiometabolic risk factors among patients with Tuberculosis. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted among patients with tuberculosis in 12 tuberculosis treatment centers from eight districts of Nepal between May and July 2017. Interviews with participants were conducted using a structured questionnaire and were supplemented by anthropometric measurements and on-site blood glucose tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Among 221 study participants, 138 (62.4%) had new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, 24 (10.9%) had new smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis and 34 (15.4%) had new extra- pulmonary tuberculosis. Overall, 43.1% of the patients with tuberculosis had at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. The prevalence of at least one cardiometabolic risk factor was more in male than female (47.8% versus 33.8%). Prevalence of tobacco (18.9% versus 4.8%), and alcohol (12.6% versus 6.5%) use was proportionately higher in male compared to female. The prevalence of hypertension (17% vs. 21%) and obesity (11.9% vs. 12.9%) was lower in male compared to females. Female (AOR=0.47; CI: 0.23-0.94), those from Gandaki Province (AOR=0.32; CI: 0.13-0.79) and literate (AOR=0.49; CI: 0.25-0.96) had reduced risk of cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Conclusions This study highlights the role of gender and socio-demographic characteristics associated with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in patients with Tuberculosis. The findings from this study can guide medical practitioners and policy makers to consider clinical suspicion, diagnosis and treatment. National treatment guideline can benefit by integrating the management of non-communicable diseases in Tuberculosis treatment centers.

Introduction: Hypodontia or tooth agenesis is the most common developmental anomaly in craniofacial region. The multitude of problems in patients with hypodontia includes aesthetic, periodontal damage, malocclusion, inarticulate speech and alveolar bone deficiency. This commonly encountered condition in orthodontic department has variable site of occurrence, sometimes associated with syndromes.  Objective: To know the patterns and types of hypodontia in orthodontic patients attending orthodontic department at Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar. Methodology: Cross sectional study of 260 orthodontic patients’ pre-treatment records i.e., casts, orthopantomogram, lateral cephalometric radiographs and photographs were taken as study materials. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data and chi square test was used to find the level of significance among genders. Results: Congenital absence of one or more teeth was observed in 28 out of 260 patients, with a frequency of 10.8%. Among the hypodontia patients, 11 (4.23%) were males and 17 (6.54%) were females. Of all 69 missing teeth, the most (68%) was observed in class I group, and the least amount belonged to class III group (10%). Conclusions: The higher prevalence of hypodontia in Orthodontic patients in this region warrants careful inspection and investigation before embarking on the diagnosis and treatment planning.

Background The co-morbidity of cardio-metabolic diseases in patients with Tuberculosis adds a significant burden in current health systems in developing countries including Nepal. The main objective of this study was to explore cardio-metabolic risk factors among patients with Tuberculosis. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 12 tuberculosis centers from eight districts of Nepal between May and July 2017. A total of 238 patients with tuberculosis who visited Tuberculosis centers for Directly Observed Treatment Short-course therapy participated in this study. Interviews with participants were conducted using a structured questionnaire and were supplemented by anthropometric measurements and on site blood glucose tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Among 221 study participants, 138 (62.4%) had new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis, 24 (10.9%) had new smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis and 34 (15.4%) had new extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Overall, 43.1% of the patients with tuberculosis had at least one cardio-metabolic risk factor. The prevalence of at least one cardio-metabolic risk factor was more in male than female (47.8% versus 33.8%). Prevalence of tobacco (18.9% versus 4.8%), and alcohol (12.6% versus 6.5%) use was proportionately higher in male compared to female. The prevalence of hypertension (17% vs. 21%) and obesity (11.9% vs. 12.9%) was lower in male compared to females. Female (AOR=0.47; CI: 0.23-0.94), those from Gandaki Province (AOR=0.32; CI: 0.13-0.79) and literate (AOR=0.49; CI: 0.25-0.96) had reduced risk of cardio-metabolic disease risk factors. Conclusions This study highlights the role of gender and socio-demographic characteristics associated with the risk of cardio-metabolic diseases in patients with Tuberculosis. The findings from this study can guide medical practitioners and policy makers to consider clinical suspicion, diagnosis and treatment. National treatment guideline can benefit by integrating the management of non-communicable diseases in Tuberculosis treatment centers.