Major non-legume crops can form beneficial associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azospirillum brasilense . Our current understanding of the molecular aspects and signaling that occur between important crops like rice and these nitrogen-fixing bacteria is limited. In this study, we used an experimental system where the bacteria could colonize the plant roots and promote plant growth in wild type rice and symbiotic mutants ( dmi3 and pollux ) in rice. Our data suggest that plant growth promotion and root penetration is not dependent on these genes. We then used this colonization model to identify regulation of gene expression at two different time points during this interaction: at 1day post inoculation (dpi), we identified 1622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in rice roots, and at 14dpi, we identified 1995 DEGs. We performed a comprehensive data mining to classify the DEGs into the categories of transcription factors (TFs), protein kinases (PKs), and transporters (TRs). Several of these DEGs encode proteins that are involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, defense, and hormone signaling pathways. We identified genes that are involved in nitrate and sugar transport and are also implicated to play a role in other plant-microbe interactions. Overall, findings from this study will serve as an excellent resource to characterize the host genetic pathway controlling the interactions between non-legumes and beneficial bacteria which can have long-term implications towards sustainably improving agriculture.

Medicinal plant plays a crucial role in the socioeconomic development and maintaining the human health and culture. Naturally, plant-derivative drugs have an imperative position in both traditional and modern medicine. Jharkhand is rich in biodiversity of medicinal plants. The forest area covers about 30.29% of the total area of Jharkhand. The extensive use of such medicinal plants is nowadays being adopted by almost all the developing and developed countries as therapeutic purpose. It is used to heal various diseases and also prevents the ill effects of synthetic drugs. The main objectives of this article are to identify selected native medicinal properties found in the native forest of Jharkhand and maintain the plants under ex-situ conservation Park for socioeconomic development of the tribal which has been used for multipurpose curative applications and their value addition for different diseases. In the current article a total of 41medicinal plants have been selected for study and documented to their therapeutic use against various types of diseases frequently occurred in tribal dominating mining areas at coal capital of the country located at CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad in Jharkhand state of India.

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