A novel composite membrane (CM) was prepared by coating choline chloride (ChCl) blended cellulose acetate (CA) on fly-ash based ceramic substrate for phenol removal. Different amount (0-1 g) of ChCl was blended with CA to synthesize various CMs. Amount of ChCl in CA increases the contact angle, average pore radius, permeability of CM from 55.15° to 71.55°, 1.6 to 6.83 nm and 0.0057 to 0.0152 L·m−2·h−1·kPa−1, respectively. Phenol rejection increased from 56 to 93 % while increasing ChCl amount in CA. Phenol removal decreased from 94.26-64.23 % and 91.09-78.62 % with increase in applied pressure (69-483 kPa) and feed concentration (50-200 mg·L−1). However, removal rate increased from 80.46-92.47 % with increase in pH 2-12. Among all CMs, CC5 is identified as best CM with maximum phenol removal efficiency (92.7 %) and flux (1.86 L·m−2·h−1) at 207 kPa applied pressure and 100 mg·L−1 of feed phenol concentration. The obtained results reveal that blending of 0.9 % ChCl with CA can significantly enhances the phenol removal efficiency and this could be used as potential CM for treatment of phenol bearing wastewater.
In this work, a novel multipurpose Faujasite (FAU) zeolite composite membrane was fabricated by in‐situ hydrothermal method to separate different solute molecules such as vanillic acid, phenol, and brilliant green from the aqueous solution. The coal fly ash based ceramic substrate was synthesized and used as substrate for preparing the zeolite composite membrane. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the crystalline nature of membranes and the presence of Quartz and hematite in the composite membrane. The presence of Si‐O and Al‐O in zeolite coated composite membrane was confirmed by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed the porous structure and 8.34 μm thickness of zeolite coating on membrane. The isoelectric point of composite membrane was observed at pH 2.07 through zeta potential analysis. Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area, average pore volume and pore diameter of zeolite composite membrane were estimated as 6.406 m2/gm, 0.0070 cm3/gm, and 4.371 nm, respectively. The hydraulic pore radius and porosity of composite membranes were 27.7 nm and 20.1%. The maximum separation efficiency of FAU zeolite composite membrane towards vanillic acid, phenol and brilliant green was estimated as 78.67%, 89.13%, and 94.28%, respectively, for 200 mg/L feed concentration at 276 kPa applied pressure. The results obtained in this study reveals that the multipurpose FAU zeolite composite membrane fabricated in this study can be effectively used for separation of various solutes molecules present in the wastewater.
In this study, a tubular ceramic ultrafiltration membrane was synthesized using coal fly ash (CFA) along with fuller clay and a small quantity of inorganic precursors by extrusion method. The composition of membrane precursors was varied to prepare the ceramic membranes which were named as CM1, CM2 and CM3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed high thermal stability nature of the membranes. The insignificant weight loss (<0.5%) of the membranes in a highly acidic and alkaline medium showed the high chemical resistance of the ceramic membranes. Mullite and Quartz was identified as significant phases of synthesized membranes via XRD analysis. The high negative charge of ceramic membranes was observed by Zeta potential analysis. Molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) of CM1, CM2, and CM3 membranes were estimated as 59, 50.3 to 36.6 kDa, respectively. The proportion of fuller clay significantly influenced the membrane properties such as porosity, pore size, and hydraulic permeability. The pure water flux of the membranes was increased with increase of applied pressure from 69 to 345 kPa. The maximum water flux was obtained as 11.7 × 10−5 m3/m2 s at 345 kPa for CM1. The pore size and porosity of the membranes were decreased from 131 to 96 nm and 57.68% and 44.8% while increasing the fuller clay from 8% to 12% in the membrane (CM1 to CM3), respectively. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the CM3 tubular ceramic membrane can be successfully used for various ultrafiltration applications.
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