 marine and coastal tourism as one of the largest segments of the maritime economy sector, as well as the largest component of the tourism industry, often leads to controversy over environmental impact and compatibility with other human activities. The application of economic and tourism concepts that are oriented towards environmental conservation and natural resources is one option to overcome the problem. The Blue Economy concept offers an economic concept based on ecosystem principles, where the development will not only generate economic growth but also ensure ecological and social sustainability. In addition, the concept of ecotourism also offers a tourism activity that prioritizes aspects of nature conservation and improving the welfare of the community.

This paper assesses four major mitigation strategies (inventory and sourcing mitigation, contingency rerouting, recovery planning and business continuity planning) to determine their suitability for managing potential disruptions in the wheat supply chain. In the wheat supply chain, maritime operations have an essential role due to the critical linkages that connect the global transport of this high density and complex freight task. Maritime logistical risks are wide-ranging and include the uncertainty in vessel arrivals, inventory levels of grain at the port, variety of arriving wheat consignments, and the impact of a low rail car unloading rate and performance of maritime logistic services. These significant factors could subsequently create severe disruptive events in the supply chain process of wheat trading. A Markovian-based methodology is the prime means used to evaluate the mitigation strategies in the context of wheat transport from Australia to Indonesia. As a result, the four-stage continuous time period of the Markov chain application enables the measurement and prediction of supply chain costs and time functions in relation to potential disruptive events. This may assist entities along the wheat supply chain to be better prepared both when attempting to manage maritime disruptions and re-evaluating their supply chain operation planning.

the result of data from the Energy Outlook Indonesia issued by the National Energy Board, mentioned the demand of LPG every year continues to rise, and there is a regions has high increased still at western part of Indonesia, precisely in the Sumatra and Java Island. Because of that, so effort to necessary an assesment for remake case study on the distribution pattern of vessels with the techincal data on the loading port and discharging port. The data has affecting distribution pattern of vessels, will be used to replicate previously existing transport system currently operated by using discrete simulation method, evaluated, and scenario building improvements to variations number and size of the capacity of vessels to get distribution pattern of effective and efficient. The result of this research obtained scenario capable to meet the demands of each destination terminal port with a case study during the next 5 years and also which has a vesseles operating expenses are the most economical.

Indonesia container terminals have several prospect factors in implementing automation. Consider that condition, this paper provides automation parameters the are used to measure the container terminal readiness to implement automation. Those parameters also sorted out using Best-Worst Method and assisted by the experts in weighting the parameters. The four parameters in sequence order are container throughput, yard capacity, investment cost, and environment management. Besides, Indonesia container terminals must handle several constraint factors in implementing automation such as automation requires high investment, low return investment, labor conflict, incapability of Indonesia electric provider, and Human resource in Indonesia still abundant.

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