Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting roughly half of those over the age of 85. We briefly discussed the risk factors, epidemiology, and treatment options for AD. The development of therapeutic therapies operating very early in the disease cascade has been spurred by the realization that the disease process begins at least a decade or more before the manifestation of symptoms. Thus, the clinical significance of early diagnosis was emphasized. Using various keywords, a literature search was carried out using PubMed and other databases. For inclusion, pertinent articles were chosen and reviewed. This article has reviewed different neuroimaging techniques that are considered advanced tools to aid in establishing a diagnosis and highlighted the advantages as well as disadvantages of those techniques. Besides, the prevalence of several in vivo biomarkers aided in discriminating affected individuals from healthy controls in the early stages of the disease. Each imaging method has its advantages and disadvantages, hence no single imaging approach can be the optimum modality for diagnosis. This article also commented on a better approach to using these techniques to increase the likelihood of an early diagnosis.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders in the world and is characterized by excessive blood glucose levels, which lead to deranged carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolisms. At its core, DM is an impairment of insulin metabolism, leading to a plethora of clinical features. The thyroid gland is another vital cog in the wheel of the endocrine system, and the hormones synthesized by it are heavily involved in the control of the body’s metabolism. Hypothyroidism is a state in which thyroid hormones are deficient due to various factors and is characterized by a metabolically hypoactive state. Together, insulin, implicated in DM, and thyroid hormones engage in an intricate dance and serve to regulate the body’s metabolism. It is imperative to explore the relationship between these two common endocrine disorders to understand their clinical association and mold treatments specific to patients in which they coexist. Both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been shown to have an increased association with hypothyroidism, especially in patients with risk factors including female sex, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and anemia. This review also explores DM’s macrovascular and microvascular complications and their association with hypothyroidism. It is of great use to screen for hypothyroidism in diabetic patients. Specific protocols, especially for patients at an elevated risk, provide improved quality of life to patients affected by this highly prevalent disease.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the abdominal aorta above 3 cm or 50% greater than the segment above. It is a dangerous condition accounting for a substantial number of deaths per year and increasing at an alarming rate. Various factors come into play in the development of AAAs, which this study has elaborated on, including smoking and old age, demographics, and comorbid conditions. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a newer treatment modality used for AAAs in which an endograft device is placed into the aorta, thereby creating a bypass tract from the aneurysm and generating flow mimicking that of the natural aorta. It is minimally invasive and associated with less postoperative mortality and reduced hospital stay. However, EVAR is also associated with significant postoperative complications, including endoleaks, which were reviewed in depth. Endoleaks are postprocedural leaks into the aneurysm sac that are usually identified immediately after graft placement and indicate treatment failure. They are of five subtypes, categorized according to their mechanism of development. The most common type is type II endoleaks, and the most dangerous is type I endoleaks. Each subtype has multiple management options with varying rates of success. Prompt identification along with appropriate treatment of endoleaks can lead to better postoperative outcomes and improved quality of life for patients.

Tuberculosis is a transmissible disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality all over the world. Tuberculosis has a number of risk factors, such as living in a developing country, poor ventilation, smoking, male sex, etc., which not only increase the chance of infection but may be independent factors for impairment in pulmonary function as well. In this review article, we have compiled several studies to learn how tuberculosis causes impaired lung function and further explored the long-term effects of tuberculosis on the same. We studied tuberculosis's effect on the lungs even after appropriate treatment and its relationship with obstructive and restrictive lung disorders. A significant relationship exists between chronic respiratory disorders and tuberculosis even after treatment; hence, we believe prevention is far superior to cure.