Background: Hypertension is one of the leading cause of global burden of disease. Blood pressure is typically lower in premenopausal women than in their male counterparts. But women loose this advantage after menopause.Objectives: Objectives of study were to know the prevalence of hypertension among postmenopausal women and to study some of its epidemiological factors. Methodology: It was a community based cross-sectional study with a sample size of 100 postmenopausal women residing in Kamptee, an urban satellite township of Nagpur district in central India conducted for a period of two months. A written informed consent was taken and a study questionnaire was administered to the participants. Data regarding demographic characteristics, alcohol and tobacco consumption, dietary habits, physical activity, psychological stress and family history was obtained. Physical examination such as waist circumference, hip circumference, weight, height, blood pressure and pulse rate was recorded. Blood pressure was recorded using mercury sphygmomanometer and weight was recorded using standardised electronic weighing machine. Results: The prevalence of hypertension in postmenopausal women in the urban area was found to be 33%. The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension was 30% and that of isolated diastolic blood pressure was 44%. There was significant difference in positive family history of hypertension and body mass index (BMI) between hypertensive and non-hypertensive women. Conclusion:The prevalence of hypertension (33%) among postmenopausal women in Kamptee town was high. There was large burden of risk factors among the study population.

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Background: Sputum conversion and weight gain are prognostic markers of treatment outcome in tuberculosis (TB) patients. Very few studies in India have assessed impact of TB treatment on weight of patients and perceived improvement in symptoms. This prospective study aimed to assess the impact of anti-tubercular treatment on weight and perceived symptoms.Methods: Three interviews were done for each patient i.e. at start (within 7 days of starting anti-tubercular treatment), at the end of intensive phase and at the end of continuation phase for recording body weight and perceived symptoms. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics. Mean scores at different stages of treatment were compared by repeat measure ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: Out of 58 study subjects enrolled for the study, 53 could be followed up till the end. Mean weight improved in six months of anti-tubercular treatment. Improvement was statistically non-significant. Cough and fever were the most common symptoms prior to beginning of treatment. After the first 2 months the proportion of subjects with symptoms declined for all five symptoms i.e. fever, cough, chest pain, sweats, and dyspnoea.Conclusions: There was positive impact on weight gain in patients under category I treatment. The symptoms improved drastically in first two months with near complete resolution in six months of treatment.

Medication errors have been a matter of concern since the time we started using medicines. The frequency of these errors is influenced by a number of factors few of them were pretty obvious and few surprising. Keeping this in mind this research was designed and carried out in geriatric population of an urban area. We tried to evaluate the role of various factors which influence medication error in geriatric population.1-Primary objective was to estimate the frequency of medication error. 2-Secondary objective was to find out relation of different factors related to medication error. This is a cross sectional study which aims to estimate the frequency of medication error in 250 patients of geriatric age group (Age More Than 65 Years) residing in an urban area and factors related to medication error For this a questionnaire was prepared which had questions related to demographic details and few questions focused on knowing the factors that could have an influence on medication error. These factors were taken into consideration as per the previous studies which were done on medication error.It was found that more than 80% of patients thought that medication errors are only those incidents where they use a medication other than what was prescribed to them hence Patients were properly explained what medication error actually is e.g. they were told that even if they take the correct mediation in wrong dose, frequency or duration it accounts for medication error and after this they started recalling incidents when they have faced these errors. There responses were entered into these questionnaire/case record forms which were later analysed.The data was entered in MS excel and analysed using Epi Info software. The quantitative variables were analysed as frequency. Association between variables was analysed using chi square test. P value &#60;0.05 was considered as significant .The incidence of medication error was found to be 53% and its frequency was higher in patients with greater number of medications, increasing number of chronic health conditions , while it was lower in patients with higher educational status ,those belonging to lower age groups and if doctor or pharmacist explained the medications to them. surprisingly its frequency was low in patients who could just identify their medication with their health condition. It was concluded that medication errors are common health related issue in patients of geriatric age group and a number of factors can influence its incidence. If these factors are properly addressed it will have a considerable impact on the morbidity and mortality associated with this problem.

Background Government of India is committed to eliminate tuberculosis by 2025 under National Tuberculosis Elimination Program which provides free investigations and treatment as well as incentives for nutritional support during their treatment course.Many tuberculosis patients prefer to seek treatment fromthe private sector which sometimes leads tofinancial constraints for the patients. Our study aims to find the burden of tuberculosis patients in the private sector and the expenses borne by them for their treatment.Methodology :Sales data of Rifampicin-containing formulations drug consumption in the private sector of six districts of Jharkhand was collected from Clearing and Forwarding (C & F) agencies and drug controller office during the SNC activities in the state. Based on the drug sales data total incurring costs of the drugs, total private patient months, total number of patients and cost per patient seeking treatment from private sector were calculated for the year 2015–2021. Data collected was analysed using Jamovi and statistical test such as ANOVA and post hoc test- Tukey HSD method was applied to note the difference between districts.Results There was a marked difference amongst all the districts in relation to all the variables namely total costs, total private patient months, cost per patient and total private patients seeking treatment from the private sector which was statistically significant (p < 0.001).East Singhbhum had the highest out-of-pocket expense and private patients as compared to all 6 districts. Lohardaga showed the sharpest decline in total private patients from 2015 to 2021. The average cost borne by private patients (2015–2021) ranged from 553 INR/ 6.77 USD (Pakur) to 2441 INR/ 29.88 USD (Lohardaga).Conclusion From the study, it was concluded that purchase of medicines for tuberculosis treatment from private sector is one of theessential elements in out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) borne by tuberculosis patients. Hence, newer initiatives should be explored to foresee the future costs of out-of-pocket expenditure borne by the patients and decrease OOPE-induced poverty.