Objective: This study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors predisposing to corneal ulceration in patients presenting to Biratnagar Eye Hospital (Nepal). Methods: All patients presenting to Biratnagar Eye Hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2011 with corneal ulceration were retrospectively reviewed. Soci odemographic data and information pertaining to risk factors were recorded, all patients were examined and corneal scrapping and cultures were carried out. Results: Over one year period 1644 patients with corneal ulcer were evaluated, out of which 76.6% of patients were in the age range of 30 to 69 years and 65% of patients had presenting visual acuity < 3/60. Ocular trauma was the most common cause of keratitis accounting for 60.3% of corneal ulcer and majority of the patients (40%) presented after 2 weeks of symptoms. Among corneal scraping positive cases 1150 (70%) showed fungus, 73 (4.4%) showed bacteria and 20 (1.2%) showed both bacterial and fungus. Conclusion: Corneal ulcer continues to be one of the leading causes of preventable blindness in this region. Lack of awareness about gravity of this disease, ¿ nancial constraints and geographic barriers remain the major reasons for delay in seeking proper medical help.

A 12 year girl presented with left eye (LE) loss of vision for four days. Fundus examination and fluorescence angiography revealed LE central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). She had multiple rashes all over the body. IgM-Varicella antibody assay corresponded with varicella infection and she was diagnosed with CRAO associated with varicella dermatitis. 14. Ford FR. Diseases of the nervous system in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Springfi eld, Illinois: Thomas, 1966: 576-77. 15. Hatch HA. Bilateral optic neuritis following chickenpox. J Pediatr 1949; 34: 758-9. 16. Liioi JA, Aiello MV. Bilateral papilloedema with chickenpox. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1970; 7: 155. 17. Liesegang TJ. The varicella zoster virus. Systemic and ocular features. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11:165. 18. Blue MC, Rosenblum WI. Granulomatous angiitis of the brain with herpes zoster and varicella encephalitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983; 107:126. 19. Kuo YH, Yip Y, Chen SN. Retinal Vasculitis associated with Chickenpox. Am. J. Ophthalmol 2001;132(4):584-5. 20. Murdock J, Carvounis PE. Adult with chickenpox complicated by systemic vasculitis and bilateral retinal vasculitis with retinal vascular occlusions. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2016;0:1-5.

Background: Cysticercosis is a common parasitic infection involving multiple systems and caused by Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of the cestode, Taenia solium. The humans become infected by ingesting its eggs from contaminated food. Here, we present a case of ocular cysticercosis which presented with mild pain, ptosis, inflammation of upper eyelid and slightly restricted ocular motility. Case: A twelve-year-old girl presented with mild pain, unilateral ptosis and inflammation of the right upper eyelid for seven months. There was no history of diurnal variation and trauma. There was neither protrusion of the eyeball nor any mass was palpable in periorbital area. Visual acuity in both the eyes was normal. Periocular and ocular examination revealed a slightly restricted ocular motility in the right upward gaze and a reduced vertical fissure height a with good levator palpebrae function. The Bell's phenomenon was good. The magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit showed an intra-conal retro-orbital mass involving the superior rectus muscle of the right eye suggestive of ocular cysticercosis. The orbital sonogram revealed a cystic lesion in the superior rectus muscle with an echogenic intramural nodule. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum antibodies against the cysticercus was positive. The ptosis improved with a therapeutic trial of albendazole and oral steroids for 6 weeks. Conclusion: Extra-ocular cysticercosis can be treated with oral steroid and albendazole.

The prevalence of low vision is common among the people of the younger and older age groups. Retinal diseases are common among the causes for low vision. Adequate prescription and availability of low vision devices can improve the visual acuity.

Background: HIV/AIDS has various ocular manifestations. Objective: To find out eye findings among HIV positive patients in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Method This Hospital based cross sectional descriptive study was carried at B. P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies. Patient profile, WHO clinical stage, CD4+ cell count, duration of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and systemic diseases were recorded. All the cases underwent ocular examination as per the study protocol and the findings were noted in a proforma developed for the study. The results were analysed with SPSS 14.0. Results: Of 100 HIV positive cases (including 55 antiretroviral therapy patients) 62% patients were male and 38% were female. The mean age of presentation was 27.72 years. Heterosexual transmission (62%) was the commonest mode of transmission of HIV. Thirty seven percent patients were illiterate. Systemic disease was present in 20% cases. Ocular complaint was present in 53% patients. Ocular disease was present in 40% HIV positive patients. Almost 55% of these cases were on antiretroviral therapy. Moderate to lower CD4 count patient had frequent eye disease. Patients in WHO Stage III and IV also had frequent eye problems. Anterior segment and external ocular disorder was present in 25% patients. The commonest manifestation was conjunctivitis in10% of total cases. Posterior segment manifestation was present in 11%, neuro-ophthalmic lesion in 4% and orbital lesion in 1% patient. Conclusion: Anterior segment manifestation is still common ocular manifestations in HIV positive patients in Nepal. Patients in WHO Stage III and IV are more vulnerable for eye changes. Young aged male and migrant workers are at risk of acquiring HIV in developing country like Nepal. Eye findings even in patientson antiretroviral therapy are similar. However, large sample size and long follow up study is required to have final disclosure.