Aromatherapy is helpful in reducing pain in latent and early active phase, and can probably be used as an adjunctive method for labor pain control without serious side effects.

Objectives To identify procedural risk factors associated with fetal loss following cordocentesis and to determine the rate of cordocentesis‐related fetal loss associated with the current cordocentesis protocol used in our institution. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies that underwent midpregnancy cordocentesis in a single center (a tertiary hospital, teaching school), between 1992 and 2018, based on data retrieved from our prospective database. All consecutive cases were validated to retrieve those meeting the eligibility criteria, which included: singleton pregnancy without underlying maternal disease, normal fetus (no structural or chromosomal abnormality or severe disorder), gestational age between 16 and 24 weeks at the time of the procedure and availability of pregnancy outcome. Cases that resulted in termination of pregnancy were excluded. We assessed the effect of prior cordocentesis model training on the fetal‐loss rate and procedure‐related complications, and evaluated potential risk factors of fetal loss secondary to cordocentesis, including procedure difficulty, placenta penetration, prolonged bleeding, fetal bradycardia, puncture site and early gestational age at procedure. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between the study group and a control group of women, who did not undergo cordocentesis, selected randomly at a 1:1 ratio from our obstetric database. Results A total of 10 343 procedures were performed during the study period, of which 6650 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. The fetal‐loss rate in the first 60 procedures (early practice) of six operators (n = 360 procedures), who did not have prior model training, was significantly higher than that during the early practice of 18 operators (n = 1080 procedures) with prior model training (6.9% vs 1.6%; P < 0.001); whereas the fetal‐loss rate in the next 60 procedures of practice was comparable between the two groups. After excluding the first 360 procedures of the groups without prior model training, the overall fetal‐loss rate in pregnancies that underwent cordocentesis was significantly higher than that in the control group (1.6% vs 1.0%; P < 0.001). Considering the fetal‐loss rate in the normal controls as background loss, the incremental cordocentesis‐associated fetal‐loss rate was 0.6%. Penetration of the placenta (odds ratio (OR), 2.65 (95% CI, 1.71–4.10)), prolonged bleeding from the puncture site (OR, 10.85 (95% CI, 5.27–22.36)) and presence of fetal bradycardia (OR, 3.32 (95% CI, 1.83–6.04)) during cordocentesis were independent risk factors associated with fetal loss. Conclusions Cordocentesis model training markedly reduces fetal loss during the early learning curve of practice. Thus, cordocentesis practice without prior model training should not be acceptable. Significant procedural risk factors for fetal loss secondary to cordocentesis are placental penetration, prolonged bleeding and fetal bradycardia. Cordocentesis‐related fetal loss may be only 0.6%, much lower than the...

Objective Pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis guideline has been endorse in many institute aims to reduce surgical site infection. Our study conducted to identify the rate of appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis in gynecological procedures based on American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology’s recommendations. And to determine the relevant factors for surgical site infection (SSI). Study design A retrospective case-control study. Results Total 112 procedures were studied and found 5.3% rate of SSI. The risk factors for SSI were inappropriate antibiotic use (12% vs 0%, P=0.01), higher age (45 vs 56.5 years, P=0.01), higher body mass index (30.32 vs 24.35 kg/m2, P=0.02), higher fasting blood sugar (129 vs 96 mg/dL, P=0.01), having medical comorbidities with diabetes and/or hypertension (P=0.01), and post-menopausal status (16.7% vs 1.2%, P=0.01). The procedural factors significantly related to SSI were performing procedures in nonoffice hours (13.8% vs 2.4%, P=0.04), surgery for cancer conditions (20% vs 1.1%, P<0.01). The rate of inappropriate antibiotic prophylaxis was 43.8%. The postgraduation interval of more than 3 years was significantly associated with inappropriate antibiotic prophylaxis (55.8% vs 36.2%, P=0.04). Conclusion The overall rate of SSI was 5.3% following gynecological procedures. Risk factors for infection were being elderly, higher BMI, higher fasting blood sugar, having medical comorbidities (diabetes and/or hypertension), post-menopausal status, non-office hour procedures, and cancer surgery. Rate of nonstandard preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis was 43.8% and significantly related to SSI. Endorsing standard recommendations on antibiotic prophylaxis is one of the modifiable factors for SSI prevention. A postgraduation interval longer than 3 years was significantly related to nonstandard antibiotic usage.