Introduction: Organophosphorus insecticides are arguably one of the commonest causes of morbidity and mortality due to poisoning worldwide, especially in developing countries like India due to its easy availability. This study was conducted to estimate the levels of Serum Cholinesterase, Serum Creatinine Phosphokinase & Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase on admission for correlation with severity of organophosphate poisoning and to reevaluate their levels on Day 4 and Day 8 and correlate them with the complications and final outcome of the poisoning. Material and methods: This is a single centered cross sectional study over a period of one year.100 patients of OP poisoning were selected and their clinical severity was categorized according to Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning (POP) scale. Level of serum Cholinesterase, serum CPK, and serum LDH were measured at admission and on Days 4 and 8. Results: Serum Cholinesterase and CPK levels strongly correlated with clinical severity. The comparative values of serum Cholinesterase and serum LDH amongst survivors and non survivors during the course of the study was not statistically significant. The comparative values of serum Creatinine Phosphokinase between survivors and non survivors showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Serum Cholinesterase serves as a diagnostic parameter for organophosphorus poisoning and correlates with the severity but it cannot be used as a prognostic biomarker. Serum Creatinine Phosphokinase shows a strong degree of positive correlation with the severity of poisoning and can be used as a predictor of outcome in organophosphorus poisoning.

To study the interaction between HIV and other carcinogenic infections in conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we evaluated the presence of a broad spectrum of human viruses in conjunctiva specimens. Beta Human papillomavirus (HPV; n = 46), gamma HPV (n = 52), polyomaviruses (n = 12) and herpes viruses (n = 3) was determined in DNA extracted from 67 neoplastic and 55 non-neoplastic conjunctival tissues of HIV-positive and HIV negative subjects by Luminex-based assays. Nextgeneration sequencing (NGS) was also used to further characterize the presence of cutaneous HPVs. Detection of beta-2 HPV infections was associated with the risk of neoplasia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-6.8), regardless of HIV status (HIV positive, aOR 2.6, 95% CI 0.9-7.7; HIV negative, aOR 3.5, 95% CI 0.9-14.4). EBV was strongly associated with the risk of neoplasia (aOR 12.0, 95% CI 4.3-33.5; P < .01) mainly in HIV individuals (HIV positive, aOR 57.5; 95% CI: 10.1-327.1; HIV negative aOR 2.6; 95% CI: 0.2-34.7). NGS allowed to identify 13 putative novel HPVs in cases and controls. Our findings suggest a role of beta HPV types and EBV, in conjunctival SCC. However, additional studies of viral expression in tumor tissue are required to confirm the causal association.

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