No abstract

Introduction: Stroke is defined as an abrupt onset of neurologic deficit due to vascular cause. It is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity all over the world making early diagnosis and treatment inevitable. Lesions of extra cranial carotid arteries are implicated in majority of cases of acute ischemic stroke. Carotid Doppler is a non-invasive imaging technique, with sensitivity approaching that of angiography. Computed Tomography (CT) plays a major role to assess the site and nature of the lesion in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are one of the commonest complications of pregnancy. Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and small for gestational age (SGA) babies are pathological conditions strongly related to development and function of utero-placental and feto-placental circulations. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and usefulness of this new technology in patients with PIH and to evaluate the ability to predict the perinatal outcome. Subjects and Methods: The study group comprised of 30 pregnant patients between 28 to 36 weeks of pregnancy clinically diagnosed as PIH. Control group comprised of 30 patients with 28 to 36 weeks with no clinically detectable hypertension. Ultrasound examination and Doppler study was done. Colour Doppler and spectral Doppler were done in the same sitting. The Umbilical artery reflecting the foetoplacental circulation, the uterine artery reflecting the uteroplacental circulation and foetal middle cerebral artery reflecting foetal responses and adaptation to changes in the intrauterine growth retardation were studied. The wave form of uterine artery, umbilical artery and fetal middle cerebral artery was assessed with PHILIPS Envisor Doppler machine. Results: Normal S/D ratio was seen 56.7% (no=17), who had no REDV and no AEDV. They had 6.6% (no=2) still births, 6.6% (no=2) low birth weight babies and 43.3% (no= 13) had normal birth weight babies. In study group (PIH) of 30 patients, normal PI was seen in 36.7% patients and increased PI was seen in 63.3% patients. Of the patients with increased PI, 23.3% patients showed still-births, 23.3% patients had low birth babies. Conclusion: Doppler velocimetry of the feto-placental and utero-placental circulation• has great potential in helping the managing obstetrician to identify the PIH patients with fetus at serious risk, which warrants urgent delivery by active intervention. It is helpful in distinguishing the serious patients from those where the approach can be a bit more conservative.

Objectives: The present study was conducted to identify structural abnormalities on the brain imaging that may be associated with the cause of seizures and to study the spectrum of MRI findings in patients with seizures. Methods: This time-bound descriptive study was conducted on 100 seizure patients in the department of radiodiagnosis of GMC, Patiala. Informed consent was obtained and then MR imaging of brain was done. The results were analyzed. Results: Mean age was 39.59±15.96 years (range: 18–85 years) with 70% male and 30% female patients. The majority of the patients (80%) had generalized tonic–clonic seizures, followed by myoclonic seizures (8%), simple partial seizures (5%), complex partial seizures (2%), absence seizures (2%), motor seizures (1%), febrile seizures (1%), and tonic seizures (1%). The mean seizure duration was 2.15±1.48 months. On magnetic resource imaging (MRI), 44% patients had normal MRI. In remaining patients, MRI findings were infarct with gliosis (20%), ring enhancing lesions (18%), atrophy (6%), neoplasm (4%), thrombosis (3%), venous malformation (2%), and developmental malformations (3%). Conclusion: The most common type of seizures is GTCS. MRI can be normal in the majority of the patients of seizures. Common MRI abnormalities were infarct with gliosis and ring-enhancing lesions. Hence, MRI plays a significant role in the initial evaluation of seizures patients to rule out any organic or developmental lesions.

Introduction: With long-standing hypothyroidism, thyrotrophin hyperplasia can result in the enlargement of the pituitary gland. Regression of the hyperplasia has been shown to occur following adequate treatment of primary hypothyroidism with hormone replacement. Characteristics of pituitary gland hyperplasia on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have been described previously in profound primary hyperthyroidism cases. But, hyperplasia and its regression have not been well defined in newly diagnosed acute and uncomplicated cases after thyroid hormone therapy. Aim: To assess pituitary gland size on MRI in the newly diagnosed acute cases of primary hypothyroidism after eight weeks of hormone replacement therapy. Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study was carried out by enrolling 50 patients of recently diagnosed primary hypothyroidism in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, India from July 2018 to June 2021. In all newly diagnosed cases of primary hypothyroidism, MRI of the pituitary gland was done and the size of the gland was measured in the coronal section before the start of treatment. MRI of all the patients was also done after treatment with levothyroxine at the interval of eight weeks to assess the size of pituitary gland. Student t-test was used for pre and post-treatment measurement. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: Mean age of the patients included was 36.9±14.1 years. The mean Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3), Triiodothyronine (T4) levels were 27.5±71.1 miu/l, 0.72±0.33 ng/ml, and 3.6±1.4 mcg/dl, respectively. The mean size of the pituitary gland before treatment was 6.3±1.9 mm and after eight weeks of treatment was 5.5±1.9mm (p=0.97). Conclusion: This study does not find significant radiologically evident hyperplasia of pituitary gland in newly diagnosed cases of primary hypothyroidism, which might be because of MRI in the initial stage of the disease.