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Background: About 70 million trauma injuries that occur annually, around the world. More than 4.5 million open fractures occur per year in India. Long bone fractures nonunion (NU) rate varies from 2% to 7%. The management of open fracture is challenging for the orthopedic surgeon. The conventional protocol of management of compound fracture are debridement, temporary stabilization by external fixators, wound and definitive management. Very few prospective studies have been done comparing Illizarov and RF in infected nonunion. Thus we performed a retrospective study to compare the acceptance, complications, and functional outcome of Ilizarov ring fixator (IRF) and rail fixator (RF) in the treatment of infected NU. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study of fifty infected long bone NU patients, who consulted Orthopedics Department of a tertiary care hospital of North-India from 2010 to 2014 was undertaken. Patients were divided into two Groups (Gp) of 25 each: one group was treated with IRF, another with RF and both followed for one year. Results were analyzed as per the ASAMI criteria (Association for the Study and Application of Methods of Illizarov) and complications as per Paley's classification. Patient's satisfaction was assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 100 mm. Results: Majority of the patients were in age group of 31- 45 years males with right sided involvement with previously treated infected NU of tibia involving distal one-third. According to VAS score, patients had mild to moderate pain in 13 cases in Gp-IRF and in 16 cases in Gp-RF, whereas severe pain was present in 12 cases of Gp-IRF and 9 cases of Gp-RF. Pin tract infection and pain were the commonest complication. Mean bone gap was 7.76 cm and 5.78 cm; average total treatment time was 17.64 and 13.40 months in Gp-IRF and Gp-RF, respectively. Duration of IRF application was more than RF ( P < 0.01). Both the limbs were equated in 20 cases (80%) in Gp-IRF and 18 cases (72%) in Gp-RF. Results were found to be excellent in 7 (28%) and 8 (32%), good in 8 (32%) and 13 (52%), and fair in 10 (40%) and 4 (16%) cases in Gp-IRF and Gp-RF, respectively. Bony union achieved in 100% cases. Treatment index was 68.45 days/cm and 64.29 days/cm in Gp-IRF and Gp-RF, respectively. Conclusion: In view of the patient acceptance, functional outcome and complications, rail fixator shows a better result than Ilizarov.

Summarise the steps in preoperative assessment specific to the patient requiring pneumonectomy. Outline the challenges caused by changes in pathophysiology associated with pneumonectomy. Describe the approach to anaesthetising a patient for pneumonectomy. Identify the common complications after pneumonectomy. Pneumonectomy involves the surgical removal of an entire lung. This article aims to cover the perioperative management of a patient undergoing pneumonectomy, including guidance for predicting postoperative risk, up-to-date cancer staging, essential considerations for anaesthesia, surgical approach, and the implications and management of postoperative complications. History In 1933, Dr James Gilmore, an obstetrician and gynaecologist, presented to Evarts A. Graham at Barnes Hospital in St Louis, MO, USA for a lobectomy for lung cancer. The findings during the surgery of extension of the cancer resulted in the first successful one-stage pneumonectomy. Gilmore continued to practice medicine for 24 yrs after his surgery. 1

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