Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine used to treat neutropenia. Different glycosylated and non-glycosylated variants of G-CSF for therapeutic application are currently generated by recombinant expression. Here, we describe our approaches to establish a first semisynthesis strategy to access the aglycone and O-glycoforms of G-CSF, thereby enabling the preparation of selectively and homogeneously post-translationally modified variants of this important cytokine. Eventually, we succeeded by combining selenocysteine ligation of a recombinantly produced N-terminal segment with a synthetic C-terminal part, transiently equipped with a side-chain-linked, photocleavable PEG moiety, at low concentration. The transient PEGylation enabled quantitative enzymatic elongation of the carbohydrate at Thr133. Overall, we were able to significantly reduce the problems related to the low solubility and the tendency to aggregate of the two protein segments, which allowed the preparation of four G-CSF variants that were successfully folded and demonstrated biological activity in cell proliferation assays.
TFF3 regulates essential gastro- and neuroprotective functions, but its molecular mode of action remains poorly understood. Synthetic intractability and lack of reliable bioassays and validated receptors are bottlenecks for mechanistic and structure–activity relationship studies. Here, we report the chemical synthesis of TFF3 and its homodimer via native chemical ligation followed by oxidative folding. Correct folding was confirmed by NMR and circular dichroism, and TFF3 and its homodimer were not cytotoxic or hemolytic. TFF3, its homodimer, and the trefoil domain (TFF3 10-50 ) were susceptible to gastrointestinal degradation, revealing a gut-stable metabolite (TFF3 7-54 ; t 1/2 > 24 h) that retained its trefoil structure and antiapoptotic bioactivity. We tried to validate the putative TFF3 receptors CXCR4 and LINGO2, but neither TFF3 nor its homodimer displayed any activity up to 10 μM. The discovery of a gut-stable bioactive metabolite and reliable synthetic accessibility to TFF3 and its analogues are cornerstones for future molecular probe development and structure–activity relationship studies.
Der Granulozyten-Kolonie-stimulierende Faktor (G-CSF) ist ein Zytokin, das zur Behandlung von Neutropenie eingesetzt wird. Unterschiedlich glykosylierte und nicht glykosylierte Varianten von G-CSF werden für therapeutische Anwendungen derzeit durch rekombinante Expression hergestellt. Im Folgenden beschreiben wir unsere Herangehensweise zur Etablierung einer ersten Semisynthesestrategie für die Synthese des Aglykons und verschiedener O-Glykoformen von G-CSF, um die Herstellung von selektiv und homogen posttranslational modifizierten Varianten dieses wichtigen Zytokins zu ermöglichen. Letztendlich erreichten wir dies, durch die Selenoesterligation eines rekombinant hergestellten N-terminalen Segments mit einem synthetisch hergestellten C-terminalen Segment, welches vorübergehend mit einer lichtabspaltbaren Polyethylenglykol-(PEG) Gruppe an einer Seitenkette versehen wurde, bei niedrigen Konzentrationen. Die transiente PEGylierung ermöglichte dabei die quantitative enzymatische Verlängerung des Kohlenhydrates an Thr133. Insgesamt ist es uns gelungen, die Syntheseherausforderungen auf Grund der niedrigen Löslichkeit und der Aggregationstendenz der zwei Proteinsegmente, signifikant zu reduzieren. Dies ermöglichte uns die Herstellung von vier G-CSF Varianten, die erfolgreich gefaltet wurden und in Zellproliferationsexperimenten biologische Aktivität zeigten.
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