During out of zone fault, Current Transformer (CT) saturation leads maloperation in unit type protective schemes. Detection and classification of saturation condition of CT is still a challenging issue. Thus, it is most important to correctly categorize CT saturation condition to increase reliability and stability of protective schemes. The proposed scheme utilizes transmission line CT secondary post fault current signals (sliding window) as an input to SVM. In order to achieve the most optimized classifier, Gaussian Radial Basis Function (RBF) has been used for training of SVM. Feasibility of the proposed scheme has been tested by modelling a part of 220 kV power systems in PSCAD/EMTDC software package. The algorithm is executed in MATLAB software. More than 720 unsaturated and 3600 saturated cases with varying burden resistance, remnant flux, DC component of current, noise penetration to current signal and fault inception angle have been generated and used for validation of the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme effectively discriminates between CT saturated and unsaturated conditions with very high classification accuracy more than 99% for different parameter variations.

Nowadays Photovoltaic (PV) systems have seen an increase in demand since they produce electricity without harming the environment by directly converting solar energy into electricity. As a result, the sun's irradiance should be correctly exploited. Solar energy is a completely natural and environment friendly source of energy. As a result, the efficiency of solar power plants should be closely monitored to ensure maximum power output. Hence, we propose a machine-driven, IoT-based solar energy monitoring system that allows solar energy monitoring from anywhere via the internet. Tomonitor a 25Watt solar array parameters, we proposed an Arduino board-based system. Our system continuously supervises the solar array and sends the power production to the IOT system through the internet. We are using IOT Adafruit for sending solar energy parameters to the IOT Adafruit server over the web. The main parameters, such as current, voltage, power and energy are presently displayed to the user. This tends to the user can monitor their solar panels from any distant locations.