In an attempt to develop non-purine-based xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, keeping in view the complications reported with the use of purine-based XO inhibitors, the flavone framework (a class possessing XO inhibitory potential) was used as lead structure for further optimization. By means of structure-based classical bioisosterism, quinolone was used as an isoster for chromone (a bicyclic unit present in flavones), owing to the bioactive potential and drug-like properties of quinolones. This type of replacement does not alter the shape and structural features required for XO inhibition, and also provides some additional interaction sites, without the loss of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic and arene-arene interactions. In the present study, a series of 2-aryl/heteroaryl-4-quinolones (aza analogs of flavones) was rationally designed, synthesized and evaluated for in vitro XO inhibitory activity. Some notions about structure-activity relationships are presented indicating the influence of the nature of the 2-aryl ring on the inhibitory activity. Important interactions of the most active compound 3l (IC(50)  = 6.24 µM) with the amino acid residues of the active site of XO were figured out by molecular modeling.

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Cucurbituril analogues can bear some of the chemical and physical characteristics of their parental origin and are derived wholly or in part from glycolurils (including homologues).