The inorganic 20GeO 2 :80SiO 2 ͑germanosilicate͒ thin films were prepared by sol-gel spin-coating and annealed at 700 and 900°C. The densification and properties of the films were studied by varying the pH levels of the starting sol ranging from 1 to 6. The uOH content in the thin films was estimated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The porosity value was derived from the index ͑n͒ of the films as determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry and was used to evaluate the densification of the material. The minimum uOH stretching band was found to occur at pH 3 for samples annealed at 700 and 900°C. For the film annealed at 900°C, the uOH stretching band disappeared and zero porosity was obtained. Atomic force microscope images show fairly smooth film surface prepared at pH 3 and annealed at 900°C. The noncrystallinity of the films was studied by means of X-ray diffraction and was confirmed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. This study leads to the development of a high-quality thin film. Iterative deposition of dense germanosilicate thin films was used to fabricate a 3 m single-mode ͑at 1.55 m wavelength͒ slab waveguide with a low propagation loss of 0.26 dB/cm. Fabrication of completely densified and optically high-quality inorganic oxide films has received much attention in the development of low-loss waveguide devices and photosensitive photonic components such as Bragg gratings and planar lightwave circuits ͑PLCs͒. [1][2][3] Silica which has 9.1 eV bandgap energy is well established as a premier candidate in optical communications. Germanium is a desirable choice as a dopant for the development of high-density optical devices and UV-sensitive material systems with low losses. 1-4 A number of methods have been developed to fabricate the homogeneous germanosilicate films, which include inductively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition ͑IC-PECVD͒, 4 flame hydrolysis deposition ͑FHD͒, 5 and sol-gel. 6 The interests in using the sol-gel method are many-fold: homogeneity, ease of composition control, ability to fabricate large-area coatings, and low equipment cost. The sol-gel method is a solutionbased chemical process from which inorganic or inorganic-organic hybrid materials are synthesized through hydrolysis and condensation reactions. 7 The elements involved are well mixed at the molecular level, which facilitates good control of chemical compositions and provides homogenous films. 8 Characteristics and properties of sol-gel inorganic films are affected by a number of factors such as pH, nature and concentration of catalyst, water to alkoxide molar ratio ͑R͒, aging temperature, and time. These parameters control the polymerization growth and aggregations of species throughout the transition from sol to gel. The pH of the solution plays an important role in controlling the relative rate of the hydrolysis and condensation and therefore has an effect on the final structure and properties of the doped silica-based films. 9-11 It has been found that under acidic condition ͑pH Ͻ 7͒, the hydrolysis is much ...

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Electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to record the electrical activity of the heart. The ECG signal being nonstationary in nature, makes the analysis and interpretation of the signal very difficult. Hence accurate analysis of ECG signal with a powerful tool like discrete wavelet transform (DWT) becomes imperative. In this paper, ECG signal is denoised to remove the artifacts and analyzed using Wavelet Transform to detect the QRS complex and arrhythmia. This work is implemented in MATLAB software for MIT/BIH Arrhythmia database and yields the sensitivity of 99.85 %, positive predictivity of 99.92 % and detection error rate of 0.221 % with wavelet transform. It is also inferred that DWT outperforms principle component analysis technique in detection of ECG signal.

<p>Diabetes is a major concern all over the world. It is increasing at a fast pace. People can avoid diabetes at an early stage without any test. The goal of this paper is to predict the probability of whether the person has a risk of diabetes or not at an early stage. This would lead to having a great impact on their quality of human life. The datasets are Pima Indians diabetes and Cleveland coronary illness and consist of 768 records. Though there are a number of solutions available for information extraction from a huge datasets and to predict the possibility of having diabetes, but the accuracy of their mining process is far from accurate. For achieving highest accuracy, the issue of zero probability which is generally faced by naïve bayes analysis needs to be addressed suitably. The proposed framework RB-Bayes aims to extract the required information with high accuracy that could survive the problem of zero probability and also configure accuracy with other methods like Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, and K Nearest Neighbor. We calculated mean to handle missing data and calculated probability for yes (positive) and no (negative). The highest value between yes and no decide the value for the tuple. It is mostly used in text classification. The outcomes on Pima Indian diabetes dataset demonstrate that the proposed methodology enhances the precision as a contrast with other regulated procedures. The accuracy of the proposed methodology large dataset is 72.9%.</p>

Image denoising is a applicable issue found in diverse image processing and computer vision problems. There are various existing methods to denoise image. The important property of a good image denoising model is that it should completely remove noise as far as possible as well as preserve edges. This paper presents a review of some major work in area of image denoising. There have been numerous published algorithms and each approach has its assumptions, advantages and limitations. After brief introduction various methods have been explained for removing noise.