Two okra cultivars (Chinese green and Chinese red) were subjected to salt stress for 12 weeks. Salt stress treatments T1 (20.8 mM), T2 (103.3 mM), T3 (180.0 mM) and T4 (257.0 mM) were applied with equal proportions of NaCl and CaCl2 in Hoagland nutrient solution. Salt stress significantly affects photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, water potential, plant height, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of both okra cultivars in every salt stress treatment. At T2, T3 and T4, Chinese red plants maintained their physiological and growth traits up to Weeks 9, 6 and 3, respectively; beyond these salt-stress durations, growth reductions were found. Similarly, Chinese green plants maintained their growth up to Weeks 9, 5 and 3, respectively, at T2, T3 and T4 treatments. In comparison, Chinese red showed more tolerance than Chinese green. According to the results, the third and ninth weeks are the tolerance threshold limits for both cultivars to sustain their physiological traits and growth under T4 and T2 salinity treatments. Similarly, Chinese red has the threshold limit to bear T3 treatment up to the eighth week and Chinese green, up to the fifth week. Thus, this study provides a new method to determine the threshold value of crops with respect to duration under salt stress. This finding would be useful in the field of water saving and utilisation of saline water resources.

Invasion by plant species poses a serious threat to native ecosystems and causes considerable losses to economy. Invasive plants develop their monocultures and dominate the invaded ecosystems by excluding the co-occurring native plants. Accordingly, plant invasions alter structure of the native ecosystems in the wetlands. Numerous hypotheses have been projected to explain the success of invasions by the invasive plants (Daehler, 2003). Traits of invasive plant species have been investigated and compared in several studies in Abstract The distribution of invasive and native species in wetlands is determined by hydrological conditions; whereas conditions such as water depth fluctuations, variations in the nutrient concentrations are expected to affect the growth and physiological traits of plants. For the assessment of such effects, we conduct greenhouse experiment with three factors; 1) water depth of 5 cm and 15 cm (static and fluctuated); 2) three levels of nutrient concentrations (i) full-strength Hoagland solution (N1), (ii) ¼-strength Hoagland solution (N2), and (iii) 1 / 8 -strength Hoagland solution (N3); and 3) species, invasive Wedelia trilobata (L.) and its congener, native Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck.) under mono and mixed culture. Water depth of 5 cm combined with any of the nutrient treatments significantly restrained the photosynthesis, intracellular CO 2 concentration and leaf chlorophyll of both W. trilobata and W. chinensis.Increase in the water depth to 15 cm with low-nutrient treatment N3 did not sustain the physiological traits of W. chinensis under mono and mixed planting. A great loss was noted in the growth of W. chinensis at 15 cm static and fluctuated water depth with low-nutrient treatment (N3) and under mixed culture. In addition, water depth fluctuations with both low-and high-nutrient treatments significantly affected the root-shoot ratio, relative growth rate, and interspecific interaction among these two species. W. trilobata benefited more from competitive interaction index (CII) under fluctuated water depth at 15 cm with high nutrients, and the value of CII was clearly positive. Therefore, higher competitive ability may contribute to the invasiveness of W. trilobata in wetlands. K E Y W O R D Scompetitive interaction index, interaction, invasion, invasive species, nutrients, Water depth How to cite this article: Sun J, Javed Q, Azeem A, et al. Fluctuated water depth with high nutrient concentrations promote the invasiveness of Wedelia trilobata in Wetland. Ecol

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In order to detect adulterants on Lycium Chinense species effectively, a rapid, clean, and nondestructive detection method based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology was conducted in a wavelength range of 400.68-1001.60 nm. Industrial sulfur particles were chosen as a dye to prepare three groups of adulterated L. Chinense samples as the research object. The whole L. Chinense was considered the region of interest. First, a multiple scatter correction (MSC) method was used to preprocess spectra data. The competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and linear discriminant analysis approaches were contrasted for optimal extraction of wavelengths characteristic. Then, two models were established: K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM). Furthermore, the performance accuracies of KNN and SVM models were compared. According to the outcomes, the SVM model built on CARS provided the best classification impact. The accuracy for the prediction set was 98.75%, and the accuracy for the training set was 100%. Also, the kernel parameters c and g of the SVM model were enhanced by genetic algorithm (GA) optimization. The values parameters (c, g) were set at 14.975 and 0.224, respectively, and the results improved by 1.25% at an elapsed time of 1.887 s, with the accuracy reaching 100% on both training and test sets. This study aimed to detect and classify sulfur-adulterated wolfberries using an improved SVM and HSI. Finally, the results demonstrate that a combination of HSI and the CARS-GA-SVM model could be used for the rapid detection of foreign entities' in wolfberry fruits. Practical applicationsDried wolfberry adulteration has a direct link to the overall quality of the fruits, and potentially compromises the health of the fruits consumers. The traditional methods of testing adulterants on Lycium Chinense are arduous, require a lot of time, and are highly impacted by biased elements, necessitating new techniques. HSI technology, on the other hand, is nondestructive, quick/fast, accurate, subjective, reproducible, and pollution-free. The study findings proved to be recommendable for initiating a feasible mobile system for rapidly detecting adulteration on L. Chinense.