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Rapid population growth throughout Bangladesh has resulted in a steady shift of population from rural to urban areas. In Bangladesh, municipalities are defined based on criteria laid out in the Municipal Ordinance 1977. However, some municipalities have very poor infrastructure and service levels, which raises the question of the validity of the municipal definition criteria contained in the Ordinance. In this work, 18 municipalities in different parts of the Rajshahi region were selected for study, with data collection mainly reliant on secondary sources. It was found that most municipalities in the study area are dominated by rural characteristics. Agricultural activities still play a vital role in occupation patterns and the major share of land use is agrarian, which is clear evidence of a diversion from the municipal declaration criteria stated in the Ordinance. The aims of this study were to explore the formulation of municipalities in accordance with Municipal Ordinance 1977 and to determine existing anomalies in municipal declaration practices.

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Recyclable cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibril (LCNF) coated wood flour composites were fabricated using a vacuum-filtration process for food serving applications. The coated cellulose nanofibril composites had excellent mechanical, and oil, and grease barrier properties compared to a commercial container. However, the composites with both LCNF and CNF coating layers had poor performance in wet conditions compared to the commercial container. The addition of 1 wt.% aluminum sulfate (alum) to the CNF and LCNF coating layer significantly improved the water-resistance of the composites. CNF +1% alum coated composites had inferior water resistance and lower mechanical strength in wet conditions compared to the commercial container. However, the LCNF +1% alum coated composites had comparable water resistance and higher wet mechanical properties than the commercial container. The recyclability of the composites was assessed through the disintegration of the samples in water and subsequent reformation, and it was found that the composites were fully recyclable. The composites could fully retain their mechanical and excellent oil and grease barrier properties after each recycling level. These recyclable fully bio-based nanocomposites can be an eco-friendly alternative for currently used food container systems that use harmful chemicals.