In recent years scholars have shifted their attention from the causes behind parliamentary gender quotas to their consequences for women’s descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. We contribute to this literature by focusing on long-term effects of gender quotas in the context of an authoritarian one-party system. Here we contest dominant theoretical explanations which posit that gender quotas in authoritarian states primarily serve the goals of symbolic co-option and window-dressing. Rather, we argue that while authoritarian adaptation may motivate the introduction of gender quotas, these quotas may result over time in what we call a delayed integration process featuring a gradual rise of women into arenas of power alongside increasing professionalization and capabilities of women within parliament. This argument is tested and supported via a 72-year longitudinal analysis of over 6000 female and male representatives of the Vietnamese National Assembly, a single-party parliament with long-standing gender quotas.

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As majority of HIV infection occurs among the productive age groups, the impact on the affected families is devastating especially among low socio-economic category. The treatment facilities available to infected being very meagre in India, the present article evaluates the option of providing care in the existing public sector, by drawing a case study on one of the leading medical college from Kerala, India. This study is more appropriate and relevant, with the recent central and state governments proposal to provide universal ART to the HIV infected individuals.

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