Purpose: The aims of this study was to determine risk factor of amblyopia in malagasy children. Methods: It was a case-control study doing at Hospital University Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona from 1st september to 01st february 2022. The case were children who had functional amblyopia. The control were children who didn’t have amblyopia and came to the hospital for vision anomaly and had a similar demography specificity like case. The number of controls was twice the number of cases. All children with organic ophthalmic pathologies were excluded. The data was processed by Epi.info 7.0 software. We used Odds Ratio (OR) test to find association between amblyopia and risk factor.  Confidence interval (CI) was fixed at 95%. Association was significant for a value of p<0,05. Results: 38 cases was found for 76 controls. A significant association was found for amblyopia and personnal history OR:4.85CI[1.87-12.58]p<0,00 ; familial history OR :4,84CI[2,02-11,59]p<0,00 ; for esotropia OR :6,60CI[2,62-16,56]p<0,00 ; for exotropia OR :3,07CI[1,21-7,75]p<0,01 ; for anisometropia OR :26,90CI[5,73-126.16]p<0,00 ; for hyperopia OR:4,16CI[1,69-10,25]p<0,0 and for astigmatism OR :0,22CI[0,08-0,57]p<0,00. Conclusion: Functional amblyopia was associated  in children with personal and family history of strabismus and ametropia. Children with esotropia, exotropia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia was associated with functional amblyopia. A systematic vision field is necessary for patient with risk factor.

Introduction: Bourneville disease or tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease with variable penetrance.It is classically described in the literature as a triad of seizures, intellectual disability and adenoma sebaceum. Rare disease, it concerns 1/10000 live births. Retinal phages are present in almost 50% of patients. These are glial hamartomas characteristic of the affection.Case Report: We report the case of a 9 years-old boy referred to the Ophthalmology Department This patient was followed in Rheumato-Dermatology clinic for tuberous sclerosis for about 4 years and there was an evolving of his cutaneous lesions. Dermatologists wanted to find out whether there was ocular manifestations. The interview revealed no history of epilepsy, nor intellectual retardation no similar case in the family neither. The patient had angiofibromas on his face, the rest of the somatic examination was normal. On ophthalmic examination his visual acuity was 10/10 P2 for both eyes. Biomicroscopic examination was normal. The fundus showed a peripapillary retinal phages in the right eye consisting of two yellowish, multinodular raised lesions of tapioca granules, one of which was the same size as the papilla in diameter and the other one was smaller. These corresponded to retinal phage type 2 and papillary pseudo-edema on both eyes. Conclusion:Bourneville disease or tuberous sclerosis presents a notorious variability of expressivity. Retinal astrocytic hamartoma confirms the diagnosis of this rare disease.