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Previous research suggests that pro-environmental groups in the Global South are strongly influenced by international organizations and monetary forces. However, scholars have not systematically examined the variety of transnational linkages that affect such nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Drawing from the experiences of Taiwan's environmental NGOs (ENGOs), this paper theorizes four possible types of transnational linkages. Interviews with and archival data on a representative sample of 30 major ENGOs in Taiwan reveal only modest effects of international financial resources and direct connections to international organizational actors. Rather, Taiwan's ENGOs are mainly influenced by (1) the universalistic knowledge and practices carried by experts and professionals and (2) horizontal organizational learning and modeling facilitated by common organizational identities.

States vary in the degree to which rights enjoyed by the native citizenry are conferred upon foreign nationals, and rarely do non-nationals fully enjoy comparable rights unless they naturalize. Extant studies on cross-national variations in access to citizenship are largely qualitative and limited to Western liberal democracies, making generalizable claims difficult, and there is limited theorization on the impact of exogenous global influences on citizenship and nationality laws. This cross-national study utilizes Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to adjudicate between world cultural and domestic economic, political, and demographic explanations for migrants' access to rights, using minimum residency length requirement for naturalization as a proxy measure. Results show that international non-governmental organization (INGO) membership is the strongest predictor of cross-national variance in minimum residency length requirements, suggesting that the diffusion of world cultural human rights scripts through cultural linkages with INGOs influences a state's willingness to confer the ultimate means to legal membership and rights.The absolute number of international migrants around the world has increased over the past two decades (Castles and Miller 2009), and with this, so has scholarship on the tenability of established conceptualizations of the nation-state, the locus of citizenship and citizenship rights, and the dialectic between membership entitlements and duties. Additionally, Europe's recent migrant crisis has put into sharp relief how "migrant" is a socially constructed category that often carries with it understandings of intent (to cross-national borders), legal status (of being [un]documented or seeking asylum), and deservingness (of protections) that have very real consequences as to how states treat such individuals. This attests to the importance and practical relevance of systematically understanding the factors that shape such a group's access to protections.Students of political sociology and political science have wrestled with diverse emerging phenomena ranging from the rise of liberal citizenship regimes and postnational rights to transnational nation-building and deterritorialized citizenship. However, extant citizenship studies have been limited in that they (1) focus primarily on rich accounts of a limited number of Western liberal democracies; and (2) do not adequately consider the potential influences of

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