Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate increase in the cost of reinforced concrete buildings in Kathmandu valley constructed using earthquake safer features in comparison with that of buildings constructed using conventional approach without earthquake safety features. Design/methodology/approach Five buildings constructed using earthquake safer features and five buildings constructed without using these features are selected. A cost comparison of both types of buildings is done, and the total cost is also compared for structural, nonstructural and service components in the buildings. Findings The cost analysis of buildings constructed in Kathmandu valley shows that there is 10 per cent increase in cost for earthquake safer construction in comparison to construction using conventional approach. This increase in cost can be a deterrent factor for house owners to switch to safer construction practices which ultimately leads to lack of compliance from house owners. A successful implementation of building code in a country like Nepal, where most of the buildings are constructed from informal sector, requires compliance of the code from all stakeholders. Awareness raising can be a deciding factor for success in building code enforcement. Research limitations/implications The study is done for only two types of constructions prevalent in Kathmandu: one using simplified codal method and another using conventional method. Only five samples of each types are taken into consideration. The building sample, however, is typical and representative of the two types of the construction practice. Practical implications The information from this study will be useful for making policy decisions for enforcement of building codes and also for assessment of economic loss in future earthquakes. Social implications This research output will help to redesign building code enforcement projects in Nepal and other countries in the region with similar issues. Originality/value The building samples, analysis and output are original contribution of authors, and it contributes to fulfill the gap for such study.

Introduction: Airway management is the most important aspect of patient treatment in emergency medicine. Prompt confirmation of Endotracheal Tube (ETT) in larynx is imperative for avoiding complications in sick patient. With quick learning graph, Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) has high sensitivity and specificity for detection of ETT in place.   Method: A prospective observational study was conducted at adult Emergency Department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital among patients undergoing intubation for various reasons. Transtracheal POCUS was used to confirm the tube placement. Time to confirm tube by POCUS in trachea and by bilateral chest auscultation was noted.   Result: Of the 71 intubations, 68 were correctly identified to be in trachea and 3 in esophagus, resulting in sensitivity and specificity of 100% each. Transtracheal POCUS was the fastest method to determine endotracheal intubation (8.08 ± 1.69 seconds) compared to bilateral chest auscultation (22.37 ± 3.45 seconds).   Conclusion: With high sensitivity and NPV for confirmation of correct endotracheal tube intubation and early detection, transtracheal POCUS in emergency could be a useful tool for prompt localization of ETT and instant action needed before final confirmation by other means.