Background: Water buffaloes are important milch species of tropical and subtropical countries. In general, they are considered to more resistant to diseases compared to crossbred cattle. However, a recent problem of tick-borne diseases in the water buffaloes by the field veterinarians and farmers causing production losses was observed. The study was conducted to explore the spectrum of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) infections in buffaloes and analyze the associated risk factors. Methods: Acute-phase response, cytokine and oxidative stress in infected buffaloes with TBDs were evaluated and compared with the negative buffaloes (control) to elucidate their role in pathogenesis and outcome of infection. The study was undertaken in 107 tick-infested water buffaloes. The conventional Giemsa stained blood smear (GSBS) based confirmation and classification of infection of haemo-parasites were made. The statistical model was used to understand their relevance with TBDs. Conclusion: Tick-borne disease in water buffaloes must be looked upon seriously to maintain good productivity. The buffaloes are often accompanied by low and un-yielding clinical symptoms due to associated co-infections of haemo-parasites. Our study showed that the buffaloes had a high prevalence (47.66%) of haemo-parasites transmitted by the ticks associated with co-infections and a low level of parasitemia. Most buffaloes responded symptomatically with the different modalities administered. Production parameter was not restored post 15 days of treatment. Oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms of production losses in infected buffaloes.

Bihar state is situated in the middle of Indo-Gangetic plains of India and located between 24°-27° N latitude and 82°-88° E longitude with a total geographical area of 94.2 thousand sq. km. It possesses 7.63% of India's total goat population which is the fifth largest among states of India. PPR has become endemic and reported from most states of India by various researchers. A systematic three years study on sero-epidemiology of PPR in goats was carried out in nine districts covering all the four agro-climatic zones of Bihar. Random samples (769) were collected from unvaccinated goats of all gender, breeds with more than 3 months of age. Samples were tested using Mab c-ELISA following standard protocol provided. The overall circulating PPR virus (PPRV) antibody was 34.50% (apparent prevalence) and 39.04% (corrected prevalence). The PPRV antibody in goats of Zone 2 was significantly higher compared to Zone 1. Amongst different breeds, the circulating PPRV antibody was significantly higher in Sirohi breed compared to Black Bengal and nonsignificantly higher to other breeds of the goat. Binary logistic regression of PPR with gender indicated a significantly higher probability of PPRV antibody in female goats compared to male goats. The odds ratio was high with respect to the occurrence of PPR and physiological state (age) and the difference was significantly higher in adult goats compared to kids. The present finding is helpful in planning effective disease management program for PPR in Indo-Gangetic plains.